Resolve Border Issues Erecting Tri-Countries Border Points

Posted on September 11, 2025 by bordernepal

Resolve Border Issues Erecting Tri-Countries Border Points

Buddhi Narayan Shrestha

It is the fact that Nepal’s longstanding border disputes will be resolved, particularly in the Lipulek, Kalapani and Limpiyadhura regions, if it is erected tri-junction points among Nepal, India and China. It is urged, the government to intensify diplomatic efforts with India and China and propose forming a high-level committee to lead these initiatives.

It is suggested that one tri-junction point should be established in the east at Jhinsang Chuli, where Taplejung in Nepal, Sikkim in India, and Tibet in China converge at the height of 7483 metre. Another must be set up in the west at Limpiyadhura, where Darchula in Nepal, Uttarakhand in India, and Tibet in China meet at 5532 metre high. Nepal-China have established 79 main boundary pillars. Border pillar number 1 has been established at Tinkar pass of Darchula, whereas pillar number 79 is established at Tiptala pass of Taplejung. The distance from pillar 79 to Jhinsang Chuli is 62 kilometre and pillar 1 to Limpiyadhura is 53 km. It is asserted that establishing these two tri-junction points would provide a clear framework to resolve disputes over Lipulek, Kalapani, and Limpiyadhura.

Nepal possesses historical maps and documents identifying the river flowing from Limpiyadhura as the Kali River. If the border is defined based on this river, Lipulek, Kalapani and Limpiyadhura fall within Nepalese territory. However, India has created a dispute by considering a smaller river south-east of Lipulek as the Kali River.

It has to be criticized that an understanding signed by India and China on 19 August 2025 to resume border trade through Lipulek without Nepal’s involvement that raised serious concerns about Nepal’s territorial integrity and sovereignty. Lipulek is Nepal’s sovereign territory, but India has long encroached upon all the way from Lipulek to Kalapani and Limpiyadhura. Nepal must pursue diplomatic measures to regain its possession of this frontier land.

It was recommended that Prime Minister KP Sharma Oli should raise the issue during his latest visit to China. The Prime Minister should address this in sideline meetings with Chinese President Xi Jinping and Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi, presenting Nepal’s stance on national sovereignty and territorial integrity firmly.

It is argued that a high-level committee involving Nepal, India and China should be formed to establish the tri-junction points, ensuring a long-term resolution to the border dispute. When Nepal and China demarcated their border line during 1961-62, India was supposed to participate for the erection of tri-junction points on both the ends of Nepal. But India did not participate due to the just ended India-China border war. Now, all three countries must collaborate to resolve the issue by erecting tri-country border points.  

It is to be noted that during demarcation, almost all the disputes were resolved. But boundary pillar number-57, at the top of Korlangpariko Tippa, north of Lapchi village at Dolakha district, was not installed due to thick snow cover. Instead, only a marker was engraved on a large sloping rock with a cartographic symbol. Due to this marker on the Nepalese frontier, it seems that China might have occupied on six hectares of Nepalese land.

It is to be cited that the ownership of Sagarmatha (Mount Everest) dispute as an example where initial claims by China was resolved through diplomatic efforts between the then-prime ministers of both countries. During the discussions, finally, China said ‘Chomo Lumgma/Sagarmatha belongs to Nepal.’ It is suggested that a similar approach could be applied to Lipulek-Kalapani-Limpiyadhura issue.

It could be concluded that Nepal must adopt diplomatic and peaceful measures to safeguard its territory and to resolve the current border issue by establishing tri-junction points, through the collaborative team of Nepal, India and China.   The Prime Minister must prioritize this issue. Ultimately, border issue should be resolved through the initiation of head of the government.  

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Outline of Nepal-China Border Deal

Posted on August 13, 2025 by bordernepal

Outline of Nepal-China Border Deal

Buddhi Narayan Shrestha

On August 1, 1955, Nepal established formal diplomatic relations with China, becoming the 5th country to do so after the UK, the USA, India and France. This year marks the 70th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations with China. On this occasion, not only high-ranking government authorities and political leaders, but also at the people-to-people level, citizens of both countries have exchanged visits in each other’s countries. 

The heads of state and governments of the two countries stated that Nepal-China friendship withstood the test of time as it consistently upheld mutual trust, sovereign equality and peaceful co-existence. Similarly, the two countries always respected each other, treated each other as equals, and engaged in mutually beneficial co-operation, setting a model for friendly relations between Nepal and China. It shows that friendship has become more intimate, stable, and amicable, respecting each other’s geo-political sensitivity and territorial integrity.   

Border treaty

The Nepal-China Boundary Agreement was signed on March 21, 1960, within five years of the establishment of diplomatic relations. Prime Minister Bisheswar Prasad Koirala and Chinese Prime Minister Chou-En-Lai had signed the boundary agreement. Then, the Boundary Treaty was signed by late King Mahendra Bir Bikram Shahadev and Liu Shaoqi, Chairman of the People’s Republic of China, on October 5, 1961. Consequently, the Nepal-China First Boundary Protocol was signed by Dr. Tulsi Giri, Vice-Chairman of the Council of Ministers and Minister for Foreign Affairs, and Chinese Foreign Minister Marshal Chen-Yi on January 20, 1963, as the Plenipotentiary of their respective countries. 

Similarly, K B Shahi, the Foreign Minister of Nepal and Huang Hua, the Foreign Minister of China, had signed the second Boundary Protocol between Nepal and China on November 20, 1979. Thereafter, the third Protocol was jointly signed on December 6, 1988, by the Foreign Minister Shailendra Kumar Upadhyaya and Qian Qichen, the Foreign Minister of China, in the presence of the Chinese Prime Minister Li Peng in Beijing.  All these activities show the smooth and sequential dealings on the boundary business between Nepal and China.

It is to be noted that after the signing of the Boundary Treaty in 1961, border demarcation work was instantly started. During demarcation, there were disputes, controversies, claims, and counter-claims in 32 places, including the peak of Sagarmatha. All the disputes except Sagarmatha were settled and resolved amicably by the technical level joint committee within less than one-and-a-half years based on the principle of Panchsheel that stresses the territorial integrity, sovereignty, non-aggression, non-interference in internal affairs, equality and cooperation for mutual benefits.

The issue of Sagarmatha was settled amicably at the prime ministerial level. When Prime Minister B P Koirala visited Beijing in March 1960, China raised the ownership of Chomolungma/Sagarmatha. Chinese Premier Chou En-Lai paid a three-day state visit to Nepal on schedule to strengthen Nepal-China relations and to resolve the issue of Everest. At a press conference at the Singha Durbar Gallery Baithak on 28 April 1960. The Chinese Prime Minister said, “We had discussed the ownership of Everest. Now the Chinese government has decided that ‘Mt Jolmo Lungma/Sagarmatha belongs to Nepal.” After this, the Everest issue was laid to rest once and for all.  

At that time, it was agreed that Sagarmatha could be climbed from both the Chinese and Nepali sides. Anyone who climbs Sagarmatha from the south has to secure a visa from the government of Nepal, while those scaling it from the north have to secure a visa from the Chinese government. This is an example of good understanding and mutual trust between Nepal and China.

The borderline was fixed and demarcated clearly and formally. It specified the border pillars serial numbers 1 to 79 from west to east and established 20 subsidiary pillars in between some major pillars, making 99 border pillars in total. The total length of the borderline was finally measured as 1439.18 kilometres, and it has yet to be connected to two tri-junctions on both the east and west ends. It is to establish the western tri-junction, 57 kilometres west of pillar number 1 at Tinkar (Darchula). Similarly, the eastern tri-junction at Jhinshang Chuli has to be erected 72 km east of pillar number 79 from Tiptala pass (Taplejung). 

After the demarcation of the borderline, 57 sheets of strip maps had been prepared digitally.      The position and condition of the border pillars constructed during the demarcation were clearly indicated in the detailed map. After the completion of demarcation works, the boundary protocol was prepared and duly signed by the plenipotentiaries of both countries. 

Demarcation 

During the demarcation of the boundary line, the watershed principle was adopted. Himalayan peaks, mountain ranges, crossing passes, and saddles, gorges, mid-stream, ravines, waterfalls, river confluences and boundary adjustment principles were adopted so that some of the areas have been exchanged mutually. In connection with the principle of exchange of lands, Nepal had transferred 1836 square kilometres (sq. km) of land to China. And China transferred a total of 2139 sq. km to Nepal. 

By this process, Nepal had gained an area of 303 sq. km. The Nepal-China boundary agreement and subsequent treaty not only delineated the boundary but also laid the foundation for long-term cooperation for territorial integrity. Nepal and China share 14 border passes for the movement of people, stretching 30km in width, and cross into the frontier by showing a District Administration Permit to sell and buy consumable goods and materials in each other’s areas. During the visit of Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Foreign Affairs Narayan Kaji Shrestha to China on April 1, 2024, China agreed to reopen all 14 trade points. This will help in improving the livelihood of Nepalis living in border areas and facilitate bilateral trade. 

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Navitating Nepal’s Border & its Management.

Posted on August 7, 2025 by bordernepal

Navigating Nepal’s Border & its Management

Buddhi Narayan Shrestha


Please click below to download the ppt file

Border Mgmt in NepalDownload

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Achievement of Border Mechanism Meeting

Posted on August 7, 2025 by bordernepal

Achievement of Border Mechanism Meeting

Buddhi Narayan Shrestha

  • The two-day meeting of the Joint Border Working Group on the border between Nepal and India has been completed in New Delhi. This meeting was held after 6 years on July 12 and 13. How fruitful was the meeting?

When Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi visited Nepal for the first time (also to worship to Lord Pashupatinath on Monday or Shrawane Sombaar),  from August 5, 2014 a four-tier border problem resolution mechanism was formed with the agreement of the Prime Ministers of both countries.

First mechanism, Border Working Group (BWG) under the leadership of Director General of Nepal Survey Department and Surveyor General of Survey of India. Second, Survey Official Committee (SOC) under the leadership of Deputy Director Generals. Third, Field Survey Team (FST) under the leadership of CDO of Nepal and District Magistrate of India. Fourth, Outstanding Border Issues Resolvation Mechanism (OBIRM) at Foreign Secretary level of both countries to resolve  the chronic Kalapani and Susta problems.

Terms of Reference (ToR) of the BWG was as follows :

  1. To construct remaining boundary pillars as per the Strip Maps.
    1. To repair existing boundary pillars and restore missing ones.
    1. To verify all boundary pillars as per the Strip Maps and work for their construction, restoration and repair.
    1. To prepare joint inventory of cross-border occupation and develop modalities to address cross-holdings.
    1. To carry out Global Positioning System (GPS) observation at boundary pillar as and when necessary.
    1. With the help of GPS co-ordinates, mapping and maintenance of Reference Pillars should be carried out.
    1. To prepare the joint inventory of encroachment of No-Man’s Land and prepare the modality for its clearance.
    1. To provide technical inputs to the Foreign Secretary level mechanism on the outstanding boundary issues including Susta and Kalapani, as and when asked by the mechanism.
    1. To prepare the Boundary Protocol.
    1. To prepare the inventory of Boundary Pillars, and hand it over to the local authorities after finalization of Boundary Protocol and Strip-Maps.
    1. To constitute technical working sub-groups (such as Survey Officials’ Committee and Field Survey Team, as needed) for assistance and implementation of BWG decisions.
    1. To report to higher authorities of respective Governments.
    1. To perform any other work assigned by the two Governments.

The Foreign Secretary-level mechanism of both countries was entrusted with the task of studying the Kalapani and Susta problems after taking technical information from the working group and submitting a report to their respective governments.

The three-tier mechanism worked until August 2019. Then the work was withheld. Nepal repeatedly sent diplomatic notes to India to resume the work. But India continued to show the cause of Covid-19 pandemic. Even after the end of the corona period, no interest was given by India. But now a joint meeting has been held within a short notice. Perhaps it can be assumed that this meeting was held a little early as India was heated by the terrorist attack that took place on April 22, 2025 in Pahalgam of Jammu and Kashmir that 26 people were killed including one Nepali national. Seven joint meetings have been held till this date, which could be known by the following Table.

Meeting NumberDateLeader of Nepali RepresentativeLeader of India RepresentativeVenue of Meetings
117-19 September 2014Nagendra JhaDr. Sworna Subba RaoKathmandu
224-26 August 2015Madhusudan AdhikariRajendra Mani TripathiDehradun
323-25 June 2016Krishna Raj B CDr. Sworna Subba RaoKathmandu
428-30 August 2017Ganesh Prasad BhattaLt. General V P SrivastavDehradun
519 – 21 September 2018  Ganesh Prasad Bhatta  Lt. Gen Girish Kumar VSM  Kathmandu
628-30 August 2019Prakash JoshiLt. Gen Girish Kumar VSM  Dehradun
721-22 July 2025Prakash JoshiHiteshkumar S MakwanaNew Delhi

In this present meeting, the review of the progress of the work done in the past and the outline of the three-year action plan for the work to be done in the future were discussed and approved. Border inspection, restoration, maintenance and protection of pillars were discussed as usual. It is understood that a decision has been taken to adopt new technology in the field of mapping, to adopt accuracy and transparency in the work. However, it was not understood that there was a concrete decision regarding the resolution of the problem of cross-holding occupation  by the border residents of both the frontiers. 8553 border pillars should have been established along the 1880 km long borderline between the two countries. But 4193 pillars have not yet been established on the ground. According to the media, out of the 4360 pillars installed, 202 are in dilapidated condition, 2891 are in need of minor maintenance and 202 felt in river and ponds. It was not found that there was a discussion about taking precautions to erect the pillars that were washed away by the rivers. Although such pillars cannot be installed in the water, the meeting would have been considered more meaningful, if the technique to install reference pillars, to indicate the main pillars at equal distances at right-angle on both sides of the river coasts, had been included in the agenda.

Resolvation of Kalapani Susta Issue

No work has been done the responsibility given to the Foreign Secretaries of both countries by the Prime Ministers of Nepal and India in 2014. This is a matter of sorrowfulness. This item does not fall within the terms of reference of the Border Working Group (BWG). However, the question arises- why this work of foreign secretaries could not be started? There may be three reasons for not starting the assigned work. Firstly, India may not be interested on it as India has published the ‘New Political Map of India’ on November 2, 2019 that instantly included the 376 square kilometers of Limpiyadhura-Kalapani-Lipulek area into Indian territory.

India might have intended that we have already included this area on our map, we are still occupying and using on the land of that region, and why should India have to proceed the matter on it. Second, Nepal sent diplomatic letters to India repeatedly for negotiations. But India showed no intention to negotiate. That’s why Nepal duly published a ‘New (Chuchche) Political and Administrative Map of Nepal’ on May 20, 2020 with Lipulek-Kalapani-Limpiyadhura area attached. This became India angry, and the relationship between the two countries became cold. Thirdly, it may also be, because India does not have solid documents, evidences, historical maps of the Kalapani region. Nepal has repeatedly presented the argument that the territory up to Limpiyadhura belongs to Nepal by referring 12 types of authentic and official old maps, including the maps published by British Survey of India in 1821, 1827, 1856 etc and referenced the Article-5 of Sugauli Treaty of 1816. It is for this reason that India may not have taken forward the secretary-level mechanism to start the talk on the Kalapani issue.

Last

According to the modality of the bilateral joint border mechanism formed in 2014, twenty-two joint meetings of BWG should have been held within the period of eleven years. But only seven meetings have been held. In that too, the gap between the sixth and seventh meeting was 6 years. Although the current joint meeting has made a three-year action plan, if the field work is not done in time, there is also a possibility that this plan will be limited only to the memorandum of agreement. On this matter, Nepal should show diplomatic tact and demonstrate the ability to create formal/informal pressure on the Indian side to complete the work within the stipulated time period.

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Nepal-India Joint Border Management Committee’s Tasteless Meeting

Posted on July 25, 2025 by bordernepal

Nepal-India Joint Border Management Committee’s Tasteless Meeting

Buddhi Narayan Shrestha

नेपाल-भारत संयुक्त सीमा व्यवस्थापन समितिकोे खल्लो बैठक

  • सनातनी एजेन्डा राखेर सनातनी तरिकाले नै बैठक टुंग्याइएकाले यसपटकको संयुक्त सीमा व्यवस्थापन समितिको बैठक निकै खल्लो साबित भयो

नेपाल र भारतको गृहसचिवस्तरीय सीमा व्यवस्थापन समितिको सोह्रौँ बैठक यही साउन ६–७ मा नयाँ दिल्लीमा सम्पन्न भएको छ । दुई देशबिचको सीमा व्यवस्थापन समितिको संयुक्त बैठक दुवै देशका गृहसचिवको नेतृत्वमा वर्षैपिच्छे काठमाडौं र नयाँदिल्लीमा आलोपालो हुने प्रावधान रहेको छ । अहिलेको बैठक ९ वर्षपछि भएको हो । यत्रो अन्तराल रहनुमा कोभिड महामारीको कारण देखाइएको छ, तापनि भारतको अरुचिका कारण यो ढिलाइ भएको हो भन्छन् विज्ञहरू । यत्तिका वर्षपछिको संयुक्त सीमा व्यवस्थापन समिति बैठकमा नयाँ समसामयिक बुँदामा नभई सनातनी विषयमा मात्र बहस हुनुले यो बैठक निकै खल्लो साबित हुन गएको महसुस हुन्छ ।  

यो बैठक छोटो समयको जानकारीमा आयोजना किन गरियो भन्ने जिज्ञासा पनि रहेको छ । भारतको जम्मु–कस्मिर पहलगाममा यही ९ वैशाखमा भएको आतंकवादी हमलामा एक नेपालीसहित छब्बीस पर्यटक मारिएको घटनाका सन्दर्भमा नेपालका सबै पक्षले आतंकवादविरुद्ध र भारतले त्यस सम्बन्धमा लिएको पक्षमा समर्थन खोज्नु हो । दोस्रो, पहलगामको हमलामा सरिक आतंककारी खुला सीमाको फाइदा उठाउँदै नेपाल पसी नेपालमा योजना बनाएर फेरि भारततर्पैm जान नसकून् भन्ने सुरक्षा चिन्ता र चासोबारे पनि छलफलका लगि हुन सक्छ । तेस्रो, भारतले नयाँदिल्लीस्थित पाकिस्तानी दूतावासका रक्षा सल्लाहकार र अन्य सैन्य अधिकारीलाई एक साताभित्र भारत छोड्न दिएको निर्देशन र पाकिस्तानमा रहेका आफ्ना रक्षा, नौसेना र वायुसेना सल्लाहकारलाई पनि फिर्ता बोलाउँदै भारतमा रहेका सबै पाकिस्तानी नागरिकलाई भारत छाड्न ४८ घण्टाको म्याद दिएको भू–राजनीतिक चालबाजीमा नेपालको समर्थन खोज्नु पनि रहेको हुन सक्छ ।  

समितिको गठन : नेपाल र भारतबिच सीमा व्यवस्थापनसम्बन्धी नयाँ कामकुरो गर्न ‘नेपाल–भारत संयुक्त सीमा व्यवस्थापन समिति’ २०५३ फागुन १७ गते गठन भएको थियो । संयुक्त सीमा व्यवस्थापन समिति गठन गर्नुको मुख्य उद्देश्य दुई देशबिचको खुला सीमालाई कसरी व्यवस्थित गर्न सकिन्छ भन्ने रहेको थियो । दुवै देशका नागरिकले सीमा वारपार गर्दा परिचयपत्र प्रथा अपनाउने प्रबन्ध कसरी गर्न सकिन्छ, हवाईमार्गका यात्रुलाई चाहिँ राहदानी प्रथा लागू गर्ने र स्थलमार्गबाट आवात–जावत गर्नेलाई परिचयपत्र मात्रै भए पुग्ने या नपुग्ने भन्ने विषयमा बहसमै रहेको थियो ।

संयुक्त समितिको पहिलो बैठक २०५४ साउनमा काठमाडौंमा भएको थियो । पहिलो, दोस्रो र तेस्रो बैठकमा आपसी कुराकानी हुँदा दुवै देशबिचको खुला सीमा वारपार गर्न परिचयपत्र अथवा राहदानी प्रथा अवलम्बन गर्ने–नगर्ने भन्ने सम्बन्धमा यसै गर्ने भन्ने सहमतिको टुंगोमा पुग्न नसकी अर्को बैठकको भाका राखी छलफल समाप्त गरिएको थियो । तैपनि जेहोस्, दुवै देशको हितका निम्ति अब सिमाना खुला राखिराख्नुहुँदैन भन्ने मनसाय दुवै पक्षको रहेको स्पष्ट देखिन आएको थियो ।

यसपछि काठमाडौंबाट दिल्लीतर्फ उडेको इन्डियन यएरलाइन्सको हवाईजहाज २०५६ पुस ९ गते अपहरणमा परी अफगानिस्तानको कान्दहारमा पुर्‍याइएको घटनापछि २०५७ असार २१–२२ मा बसेका संयुक्त समितिको चौथो बैठकले नेपाल–भारत हवाईयात्रामा परिचयपत्र लागू गरी नियमन गर्नुपर्ने निर्णय गरेको थियो । यसैअनुसार दुवै सरकारले हवाईयात्रा गर्ने दुवै देशका यात्रीले २०५७ असोज १५ देखि परिचयपत्र प्रस्तुत गर्नुपर्ने व्यवस्था गरेको थियो ।

यसपछिका सबैजसो बैठकमा अन्तर–सीमा अपराध नियन्त्रण, साना हतियार र लागुपदार्थ कारोबार नियन्त्रण, सीमास्तम्भको नियमित मर्मतसम्भार, नेपालमा लुकेका भारतीय अपराधी पक्राउ र हस्तान्तरण, नक्कली भारतीय रुपैयाँ सीमापार नियन्त्रण, नेपालको मदरसामा भारतविराधी गतिविधि निगरानी, सुपुर्दगी सन्धिबारे छलफल हुने गरेको पाइन्छ । तर, ठोस निर्णय हुन सकेको भने देखिँदैन ।  संयुक्त समितिको विभिन्न बैठक निम्न समयमा भएको थियो –

बैठक नंबैंठक भएको मितिस्थाननेपालतर्फका टोली नेता          भारततर्फका टोली नेता       
१२०५४ साउन २–४काठमाडौंकर्णध्वज अधिकारी नेपाली टोली संयोजकभी.एस. माथुर विशेष सचिव, गृहमन्त्रालय
२                         २०५५ असार २–४नयाँ दिल्लीनारायणशम्शेर थापा विशेष सचिव, परराष्ट्र मन्त्रालयनिखिल कुमार विशेष सचिव, गृहमन्त्रालय
३  २०५६ माघ १७–२०        काठमाडौंनारायणशमशेर थापा विशेष सचिव, परराष्ट्र मन्त्रालयएम.बि. कौशल विशेष सचिव, गृहमन्त्रालय
४२०५७ असार २१–२२काठमाडौंपदमप्रसाद पोखरेल सचिव, गृहमन्त्रालयकमल पाण्डे सचिव, गृह मन्त्रालय
५                         २०५८ माघ २४–२५नयाँ दिल्लीकेशवराज राजभण्डारी सचिव, गृहमन्त्रालयकमल पाण्डे सचिव, गृहमन्त्रालय
६२०६० माघ १८–१९काठमाडौंअनन्तराज पाण्डे सचिव, गृहमन्त्रालयएन. गोपालस्वामी सचिव, गृहमन्त्रालय
७                         २०६१ माघ ६–७नयाँ दिल्लीचण्डिप्रसाद श्रेष्ठ सचिव, गृहमन्त्रालयधीरेन्द्र सिंह सचिव, गृहमन्त्रालय
८२०६४ असोज ९काठमाडौंउमेशप्रसाद मैनाली सचिव, गृहमन्त्रालयमधुकर गुप्ता सचिव, गृहमन्त्रालय
९२०६५ कात्तिक १५नयाँ दिल्लीडा. गोविन्द कुसुम सचिव, गृहमन्त्रालयमधुकर गुप्ता सचिव, गृहमन्त्रालय
१०२०६६ कात्तिक २०काठमाडौंडा. गोविन्द कुसुम सचिव, गृहमन्त्रालयजि.के. पिल्लाई सचिव, गृहमन्त्रालय
११                                २०६७ जेठ २९–३०नयाँ दिल्लीडा. गोविन्द कुसुम सचिव, गृहमन्त्रालयजि.के. पिल्लाई सचिव, गृहमन्त्रालय
१२२०६८ जेठ ४–५ काठमाडौंडा. गोविन्द कुसुम सचिव, गृहमन्त्रालयजि.के. पिल्लाई सचिव, गृहमन्त्रालय
१३२०६८ माघ २–३नयाँ दिल्लीसुशिलजंगबहादुर राणा सचिव, गृहमन्त्रालयआर.के. सिंह सचिव, गृहमन्त्रालय
१४२०७० जेठ १८काठमाडौंनविनकुमार घिमिरे सचिव, गृहमन्त्रालयआर.के. सिंह सचिव, गृहमन्त्रालय
१५२०७३ भदौ २३–२४        नयाँ दिल्लीलोकदर्शन रेग्मी सचिव, गृहमन्त्रालयराजीव मेहरिशि सचिव, गृहमन्त्रालय
१६२०८२ साउन ६–७नयाँ दिल्लीगोकर्णमणि दुवाडी सचिव, गृहमन्त्रालयगोविन्द मोहन सचिव, गृहमन्त्रालय

यसपटकको संयुक्त बैठकमा मुख्य उपलब्धि के–के भए, कति सफल रह्यो भन्ने सम्बन्धमा सनातनी एजेन्डा राखियो, सनातनी तरिकाले नै बैठक सकिएको छ । बैठकमा सधैँझैँ अन्तर–सीमा सुरक्षा, तेस्रो देशको नागरिकको अवैध आवागमन तथा सीमा अपराध नियन्त्रण, सीमा व्यवस्थापन, सुपुर्दगी सन्धि, सीमास्तम्भको मर्मत, लागुपदार्थ मानव तस्करी आपराधिक गतिविधि नियन्त्रण तथा सीमा वारपार आवागमनलाई थप व्यवस्थित गर्ने, नक्कली भारतीय नोट नियन्त्रण, सीमा क्षेत्रमा संयुक्त गस्ती र निगरानी बढाउनेलगायत विषयमा निर्णय भएको छ । यसबाहेक आपराधिक मामिलामा पारस्परिक कानुनी सहायता सम्झौताको मस्यौदा तयार गरिएको छ ।

यसपटक पनि भारतले सुपुर्दगी सन्धिको कुरा उठाएको भए पनि खास निर्णय हुन भने सकेन । नेपाल र भारतबीच २०१० असोज १६ मा भएको सुपुर्दगी सन्धिलाई परिमार्जन गरेर नयाँ सन्धि गर्न भारत सरकारले पटक–पटक ताकेता गर्दै आए पनि सुपुर्दगीका अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय मान्यताविपरीत मस्यौदा तयार गरिएका कारण नयाँ सन्धिमा सहमति हुन सकेको छैन । भारतीय पक्षले तेस्रो देशका नागरिकको पक्राउ र हस्तान्तरण, नेपाल–भारतका सुरक्षाकर्मीले एक–अर्काको देशमा हातियारसहित विनारोकटोक अनुसन्धान गर्न आउन पाउने, अदालती प्रक्रियाविनै अभियुक्त हस्तान्तरणलगायत भारतले विवादास्पद प्रस्ताव राखेकाले आजसम्म निर्णय हुन सकेको छैन । 

नेपाली पक्षको कमजोरी : बैठकमा उठाइएका उल्लिखित अवैध कार्य नियन्त्रण रोकथामका लागि खुला सीमालाई नियमन (रेगुलेसन) व्यवस्थापनमा परिणत गर्न नेपाल सशक्त ढंगले प्रस्तुत हुन सकेन । सर्वाेच्च अदालतले दिएको निर्णय बैठकमा प्रस्तुत गर्नु समसामयिक हुँदाहुँदै पनि नेपाली पक्ष यसमा चुकेको छ । हवाईयात्रामा नियमन व्यवस्था २५ वर्षदेखि लागू गरिसकेकाले यसैलाई नजिरका रूपमा प्रस्तुत गर्दै अब जमिनी सीमा पनि नियमन गर्ने अवस्था आइसकेको छ भन्न सकेन । 

सर्वाेच्च अदालतकोे परमादेश : नेपाल–भारत खुला सीमालाई नियमन गरिपाऊँ भनी वरिष्ठ अधिवक्ता डा. चन्द्रकान्त ज्ञवाली र यस पंक्तिकारले समेत सर्वाेच्च अदालतमा दिएको रिट निवेदन सम्बन्धमा २०७८ वैशाख १२ मा सरकारका नाममा परमादेश भई २०८० भदौ २९ गते आएकोे पूर्ण विवरणमा निम्न बुँदा उल्लेख गरिएका छन् ।

१. सम्बन्धित अधिकारीले नेपाल–भारत खुला सीमा व्यवस्थालाई प्रभावकारी रूपले नियमन गर्नका लागि दुई देशबिच रहेको सन्धि सम्झौतालाई पुनरावलोकन गर्ने कामको प्रारम्भ गर्न अतिरिक्त बन्दोबस्त मिलाउनू । 

२. सुरक्षा निकायले सीमा नाकामा प्रभावकारी सुरक्षा व्यवस्था अपनाउँदै नेपाल प्रवेश गर्ने यात्रुले अध्यागमन कार्यालय अथवा सुरक्षा संयन्त्रसमक्ष आफ्नो औपचारिक परिचयपत्र देखाउनुपर्ने प्रबन्ध मिलाउनू ।

३. सीमामा आवागमनलाई नियमन र व्यवस्थित गर्न अभिलेख राख्ने गर्नू ।

४. सीमा वारपार गर्ने बिन्दु निर्धारण गरी ड्रोन तथा सिसिटिभीजस्ता प्रविधि उपयोग गरी सुरक्षाकर्मीद्वारा प्रभावकारी रूपमा रेखदेख गर्नू ।

५. दुई देशबिचको सम्बन्धलाई अझ वृद्धि तथा सुदृढ गर्न वार्ता, समझदारी, सहयोग, समानता, आपसी विश्वास र सद्भावद्वारा पछि फेरि समस्या नआउने गरी सीमा समस्या समाधान गर्नू ।

६. पारम्परिक अथवा अन्य कुनै कारण देखाई सीमामा गैरकानुनी गतिविधि नियन्त्रण गर्ने उत्तरदायित्वबाट पन्छिन मिल्दैन ।

७. नेपाल–भारत उच्चस्तरीय विज्ञ, सीमा कूटनीतिक मिसन परिचालन गरी सहज वातावरण सिर्जना गर्नू ।

८. सरकारी निकायले राजनीतिक र कूटनीतिक पहल गरी समानता र आपसी हितका आधारमा नेपाल–भारतबिचको खुला सीमालाई नियमन र व्यवस्थित गर्न आवश्यक परे अतिरिक्त सन्धि–सम्झौतामा हस्ताक्षर गर्नू । यस्तो अस्त्र हुँदाहुँदै पनि नेपाल प्रस्तुत हुन सकेन । त्यसैले बैठक खल्लो भयो भन्नुपरेको हो ।

अन्त्यमा : भारत–पाकिस्तानबिच जति तनाव बढ्छ, नेपालमा उति नै सुरक्षामा चुनौती थपिन्छ । यस्तो अवस्थामा नेपाली भूमि दुरुपयोग हुन नदिन सचिवस्तरीय संयुक्त बैठकमा सर्वाेच्च अदालतले गरेको परमादेशका बुँदामा छलफल गरी आवश्यक निर्णय गरेको भए सुरक्षा चासोसम्बन्धी भारतको चिन्ता समाधान हुने थियो ।

यसबाट दुवै देशको आपसी मित्रता अझ प्रगाढ हुन पुग्ने थियो । अझै पनि समय भड्किसकेको छैन । आगामी दिनमा हुने संयुक्त बैठकमा सर्वाेच्च अदालतले सरकारलाई दिएको परमादेशअनुसार सीमा नियमन गर्ने कुरा भारतसमक्ष प्रस्ताव गरी सकेसम्म चाँडो खुला सीमा नियमन गरेर अवैध घुसपैठ तथा आतंककारीको चलखेल हुन नसक्ने गरी कडा सुरक्षा व्यवस्था गरिनुपर्छ । 

   

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Buddhi Narayan Shrestha, by- SPOTLIGHT Fortnightly.

Posted on July 6, 2025 by bordernepal

Buddhi Narayan Shrestha, by- SPOTLIGHT Fortnightly.

Buddhi Narayan Shrestha: The Border Man of Nepal

By: SPOTLIGHT Fortnightly.

The Centre for International Boundaries Research Unit (IBRU) at Durham University in the United Kingdom honored Nepalese borders expert Buddhi Narayan Shrestha with the seventh annual Raymond Milefsky Award in 2024.

IBRU Director Philip Steinberg praised Shrestha for his dedication to supporting his country and promoting peace and stability through boundary work. The Milefsky Award, which includes a cash prize of £745, recognizes individuals or organizations that have made significant contributions to boundary-making or cross-border cooperation.

The award is funded by a bequest from Raymond Milefsky, a former US Department of State borders expert who frequently led training workshops at IBRU. Nominations for the 2025 award will open in January 2025.

According to the IBRU website, Shrestha, a former Director General of Nepal’s Survey Department, has leveraged his surveying background to become a leading authority on borders in the challenging terrain of South Asia. In 1992, he transitioned to focus on border issues, earning the moniker “Border Man of Nepal.”

Shrestha is an expert in boundary delimitation, providing guidance to governments on historical treaty maps and resolving modern border disputes. He has written 14 books on border-related subjects, demonstrating his extensive knowledge and dedication to boundary studies.

Shrestha emphasizes the crucial role individuals play in protecting various areas, whether it be physical spaces, financial records, or lives. A gatekeeper controls access to unwanted individuals, an accountant manages financial transactions, a lifeguard prevents drownings at coastal areas, a soldier ensures national security, and in sports like football, goalkeepers and linesmen maintain essential boundaries.

Shrestha describes the “Border Man” as a significant figure responsible for safeguarding his country’s national borders, meticulously monitoring boundary lines, pillars, and markers to uphold the integrity and security of the nation’s borders. As an experienced surveyor, he has conducted numerous tasks, including measuring distances, angles, and heights between border pillars and marking key points to establish latitude, longitude, and altitude. He has verified maps against ground realities for accuracy and record-keeping. With over three decades of service as a border guard, border keeper, border indicator, border protector, and territory visualizer, Shrestha has diligently worked to protect Nepal’s national territorial boundaries. His dedication and expertise have earned him the respect and admiration of his colleagues, establishing him as “The Border Man of Nepal.”

Indeed, Shrestha also acted as a border activist, bringing international attention to the fact that Nepalese territory Lipulek-Kalapani-Limpiyadhura has been encroached and occupied by India since 1962 A.D. This claim is supported by Wikipedia entries as well. His findings have been widely adopted by researchers, institutions, and government organizations studying the encroached territory of Lipulek-Kalapani-Limpiyadhura of Nepal. His contributions have significantly advanced understanding of this critical issue.

Shrestha, also known as the “Border Man,” is a respected border analyst who has dedicated himself to studying boundary lines, border pillars, and markers. His extensive work in researching, writing, and presenting on border-related issues, particularly those involving Nepal’s borders with India and China, has greatly contributed to the understanding of these complex matters.

During his 27-year tenure at the Land Survey Department of the Government of Nepal, Shrestha held various positions, culminating in his retirement as Director General in 1992. He has meticulously compiled statistical data on encroachments in areas such as Lipulek-Kalapani-Limpiyadhura (approximately 372 sq. km), Susta (approximately 145 sq. km), and 69 other locations (approximately 89 sq. km), totaling around 606 sq. km by India, using multiple scale maps.

In addition to his research work, Shrestha has been an advocate for highlighting the encroachment and occupation of Nepalese territory in Lipulek-Kalapani-Limpiyadhura by India since 1962. His efforts have drawn international attention to this issue, with his findings being widely referenced by researchers, institutions, and government bodies studying the encroachment of Nepalese territory. Shrestha’s work has played a crucial role in advancing the understanding of this significant border dispute.

Notably, he is recognized for being the first to publish Chuche Naksa (beaked map) in 2003 in his book “Border Management of Nepal”. Additionally, he has raised awareness in the country about the disputed origin of the Kalee/Mahakali River, which originates from Limpiyadhura, as shown on British maps from 1819, 1827, 1851, 1856, etc.

As an explorer, he believes there is a contentious issue between Nepal and China regarding the six-hectare land of Nepal due to the displacement of boundary pillar number 57 from its original location in Korlangpariko Tippa, particularly in the Northern flank of Lapchi village, North of Lamabagar in Dolakha district. Instead, the pillar has been moved and engraved on a large Southern sloping rock, marked as Marker #57.

Buddhi Narayan Shrestha is not a diplomat, university lecturer, or politician, but he plays a vital role in sharing knowledge and information on land disputes between Nepal and India with various audiences, including students, media professionals, ministers, prime ministers, and other policymakers.

He also contributes significantly by providing information and insights to media personnel who accompany him to report on the encroached territory of Nepal. Moreover, he is an approachable resource person, sharing his knowledge and expertise with the younger generation, especially students and emerging media professionals, educating them about the complexities of boundaries.

Shrestha provided proactive advice to Prime Minister Pushup Kamal Dahal “Prachanda” on 22 April 2023, ahead of his visit to India as recommended by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The advice included advocating for the establishment of a high-level political committee to resolve the issue of the Greater Kalapani area during his meetings with his Indian counterpart. The key points provided by Mr. Shrestha were later published in the Kantipur Daily on 23 May 2023. Additionally, Shrestha briefed Minister for Foreign Affairs Mr. N. P. Saud on 28 April 2023 before accompanying Prime Minister Prachanda to India to ensure a well-informed delegation.

On 25 November 1999, Shrestha briefed former Prime Minister Mr. Krishna Prasad Bhattarai on the evidence supporting Nepal’s claim to Kalapani, citing historical maps and old documents. The meeting was attended by seven ministers, their respective Secretaries, Chief Secretary Tirtha Man Shakya, former General Secretary of Nepali Congress Mr. Sushil Koirala, and advisor to the Prime Minister Dr. Narayan Khadka.

Shrestha is widely recognized as a leading border analyst, with nearly all current and former prime ministers seeking his expertise on boundary-related matters. He is their primary point of contact for information and statistics on territorial boundaries. For example, former prime minister Jhalanath Khanal and former deputy prime minister Mr. Bhim Rawal frequently consulted him for information on territorial encroachments by India or China and the land areas affected by dams and embankments near the Nepalese border.

Buddhi Narayan Shrestha’s knowledge in border issues and management is highly valued in the research community. His book on “Border Management of Nepal” has received significant recognition and is cited by numerous national and international researchers. International scholars such as Lew Freedman (USA), Bruce A. Elleman (UK), Prof. Rongxing Guo (China), Sam Cowan (UK), Sohini Nayak and Anna Orton (India), Haim Srebro (Israel), Prof. Victor Prescott and Gillian D. Triggs (Australia), Emmanuel Gonon (Canada), Benjamin Hans (Germany), Saroj Aryal & Manish Pulami (Poland) have acknowledged his work.

Similarly, prominent national scholars like Dr. Lok Raj Baral, Dr. Uddhav P Pyakurel, Dr. Pitamber Sharma, Dr. Dwarika Nath Dhungel, Dr. Shastra Dutta Pant, Dr. Jagat Kumar Bhudsal, Prof. Gopal Siwakoti, Dr. Surendra Bhandari & Achut Gautam, Amish Raj Mulmi, Hiranya Lal Shrestha, Madhavji Shrestha, Ratan Bhandari, Tulasi Narayan Shrestha, and others have also recognized his contributions.

He remembers an incident from 03 August 2022, as he walked along the pavement of Dillibazar Chaarkhal in Kathmandu. A man approached him, greeted him with “Namaskar,” and introduced himself as Shakti Chauhan. Mr. Chauhan mentioned that he had seen Mr. Shrestha’s interview on Image television two days prior. He expressed his support for Mr. Shrestha’s position on abolishing the “Nepal-India 1950 Treaty,” pointing out the lack of provisions for revision or review compared to the trade and commerce treaty signed on the same day, which had a renewal clause. Mr. Chauhan stressed the legal significance of this discrepancy and agreed with Mr. Shrestha’s argument, encouraging him to continue his efforts and expressing solidarity with his cause.

A recipient of the prestigious Madan Puraskar prize in Nepal in 2000, Mr. Buddhi Narayan Shrestha considers genuine recognition from society as his most valuable possession, far outweighing the value of money. This recognition brings him satisfaction and peace of mind, fueling his passion for reading, writing, speaking, and discussing complex border issues of Nepal and their resolutions.

Some of his notable recognitions include:

Annapurna Express Daily on 08 September 2022 acknowledged him as a trailblazer for publishing the Beaked Map (Chuche Naksa) for the first time in the book “Border Management of Nepal” in 2003, a significant milestone in documenting this crucial issue.Board Member at the Institute of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Tripureswor, Kathmandu (2012-2016).

Served as Member Secretary of the City Planning Commission at Kathmandu Metropolitan City (2003-2004).

Expert Council Member of the Land Use Council at the Ministry of Land Reform & Management, Kathmandu (2002-2004).

Headed the 13-member Nepal-India Joint Technical Level Committee (1987-1992).

Deputy Team Leader of the 11-member Nepal-China joint Boundary Committee (1988), with reciprocal visits to New Delhi, India, and Beijing, China.

Acted as Member-Secretary of the Mapping Sub-Committee under the Science and Technology Council (1987-1992).

Served as a Member of the Special Land Court under the Chairmanship of the District Judge in Kaski Pokhara (1976-1977).

Buddhi Narayan Shrestha is a dedicated activist working towards reclaiming the Greater Kalapani area, which has been occupied by India since 1962. His unwavering commitment to this cause drives his tireless efforts in seeking justice and restoring Nepal’s original borderlines.

We are proud of Shrestha’s dedication and wish him success in his ongoing endeavors to provide valuable insights and solutions to border issues for national security.

SPOTLIGHT, Vol-18, Number-11, January 16. 2025: Page 18-19

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Border Management of Nepal (Book)

Posted on July 3, 2025 by bordernepal

Border Management of Nepal (Book)

Buddhi Narayan Shrestha

2003 Border Management of Nepal by Shrestha sDownload

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Sagarmatha Sambaad (Everest Dialogue)

Posted on June 26, 2025 by bordernepal

Sagarmatha Sambaad (Everest Dialogue)

Buddhi Narayan Shrestha

Sagarmatha Sambaad (Everest Dialogue) was the Nepal’s first-ever Highest International Forum organized by the Government of Nepal. Three-day Sagarmatha Sambaad was inaugurated by the Prime-Minister K P Sharma Oli on 17 May 2025 and closed by Foreign Minister Arzu Rana Deuba on19 May. Theme of the Dialogue was ‘Climate Change, Mountains and the Future of Humanity’.

There were 350 participants. Among them,  200 delegates were from 50 different countries. I was one of the participants, invited by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs among few Nepali participants.

I represented the dialogue as an Advisor to the Nepal Mountaineering Association and Border Analyst. During the deliberation in various sessions, I made some questions to the presenters and moderators; and at the same time I highlighted on some burning issues. Some of these are as followings:-

During the panel discussion, I mentioned that everybody knows, Nepal is situated between two Asian giant countries, India and China. Some Indian industries use charcoal, and they emit smoke on the air. In China, Shanghai industrial estate emits dust particles in the atmosphere. It has affected Nepal Himalayan Glaciers to become thinner. Nepal, India and China jointly must draw a framework, not to let become further thinner Nepal Himalayan glacier.

Study reveals that Sagarmatha is going to be polluted every year. Expeditioners leave plastic materials, tents and empty oxygen bottles on the mountain. Even the dead bodies have been left since the time of George Malory expedition. In this season also, two expeditioners died on the mountain and it is not yet brought down. Government agencies must mitigate the pollution from base camp to camps 4 and 3. Government should frame a regulation that the climbing permit should be issued only in alternate year, so that pollution will be decreased in some extent.

Indian sub-continent was entered underneath the Tibetan Plateau more than 80 million years ago. This phenomenon created the Himalayan Range from Pakistan to Myanmar, including Nepal Himalaya and Sagarmatha, the highest mountain in the world. Scientists believe that height of Sagarmatha is still increasing 2 to 2.5 centimetre per year. We have to study whether the increasing height has played a role by the continental drift or changing the climate to melt the snow due to global warming.

Minister for Foreign Affairs Arzu Rana Deuba concluded the session in the last day by stating, “This edition of the Sagarmatha Sambaad brought together the voices of leaders, policymakers, experts, scholars, youth, civil society, international organizations, and the community from the high mountains to the island nations in the spirit of genuine dialogue.”

She emphasized that the topics and suggestions discussed would be raised at various international forums, such as the glacier conservation conference in Tajikistan at the end of this month, the 80th session of the United Nations General Assembly, and the UN climate change conference COP-30, which will be held in Brazil this year.

Meanwhile, recognizing the critical role of mountains in ensuring water security and maintaining climate-resilient agriculture and food security, clean energy, nature-based tourism, and effective governance in driving transformation towards a sustainable mountain economy, the Sambaad declared 25 action points:

  1. Reaffirm the urgency to hold the increase in the global average temperature to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels by accelerating mitigation actions, building adaptive capacity and resilience, addressing loss and damage, and strengthening partnerships to ensure a sustainable future for all.
  2. Encourage countries to set ambitious emissions reduction targets in their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) 3.0 to keep 1.5°C alive, aligned with the latest science that calls for urgent and transformative global action.
  3. Further encourage countries to develop and implement National Adaptation Plans to respond to country-specific adaptation needs.
  4. Call for enhanced provision and mobilisation of international financial support, particularly through grants and concessional financing for implementation of climate actions in developing countries, including countries in special situations.
  5. Encourage collective efforts to ensure equitable and simplified access for the developing countries, particularly those vulnerable to climate change, to the international climate finance from bilateral, multilateral and alternative sources, including the operating entities of the Financial Mechanisms and the Funds under the UNFCCC and the Paris Agreement.
  6. Support the call for the establishment of a dedicated fund for the development of mountain countries to mobilise targeted financial resources for climate action and sustainable development in mountainous regions.
  7. Prioritise the recognition, respect, and rewarding of mountain ecosystem services through leveraging existing and innovative financing sources.
  8. Emphasise the role of private sector finance and carbon markets in scaling up sustainable climate actions.
  9. Strengthen global and regional partnerships to facilitate access to climate-friendly technologies and enhance capacity building.
  10. Reaffirm the need for collaboration among the policymakers, scientific institutions, private sector and other relevant stakeholders to drive innovation and mutual learning to formulate appropriate policies and programs that address the inherent vulnerabilities to climate change.
  11. Acknowledge the importance of promoting green, resilient and inclusive development, ranging from small to large-scale infrastructures, in both rural and urban communities, as appropriate.
  12. Stress the significance of clean energy, energy efficiency and just energy transitions, recognising the importance of powering the future through clean energy as well as green, circular and bio-economies.
  13. Promote science, technology and innovation-based solutions for addressing climate-induced disasters and conserving glaciers, water resources, forests and agricultural systems.
  14. Encourage dialogues on mountains and the climate change agenda with a special focus on the triple planetary crisis and short-lived climate forcers, given their profound impact on regional climate, monsoons, cryosphere and public health.
  15. Recognise the urgency of strengthening data systems, ensuring data sharing and interoperability, and developing climate attribution and early warning mechanisms tailored to the needs of developing countries.
  16. Underscore the need to establish a robust linkage between mountain- and ocean-specific risk assessment, monitoring, and early warning systems using advanced science, technology, and innovation.
  17. Promote climate justice across all climate actions by ensuring fair, inclusive and evidence-based solutions for the developing countries that are particularly vulnerable to the adverse impacts of climate change.
  18. Foster inclusive climate actions through active participation of children, youth, women, persons with disabilities, and senior citizens, and maintain gender balance while upholding intra- and intergenerational equity.
  19. Call to initiate the creation of a multi-stakeholder international platform on mountain and climate change for dialogue, innovation and empowerment, with the aim of amplifying the voices of mountain communities in global climate processes.
  20. Recognise the role of local and indigenous communities in climate policies, programmes and actions, including adaptation and conservation initiatives.
  21. Emphasise the need to develop mechanisms for payment of environmental services, enabling them to adopt innovative climate financing.
  22. Emphasise the need for developing knowledge centres, sharing best practices, and enhancing the roles of local communities in climate policies, programmes and actions.
  23. Resolve to forge a common voice for urgent climate action that resonates from the Sagarmatha to the seas and from highlands to islands.
  24. Acknowledge the relevance of the theme of the first edition of the Sagarmatha Sambaad in highlighting the adverse impacts of climate change from mountains to lowlands; forging common understanding and actions to uplift communities in vulnerable situations; and reaffirming commitment to continue working for a just, resilient and sustainable future for all.
  25. Express appreciation to all the dignitaries and delegates for attending the Sagarmatha Sambaad, a permanent forum to foster global dialogue on key issues of national, regional and global significance, and look forward to its continuity ahead.

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Earthquake Terror : Inactive State Machinery

Posted on June 25, 2025 by bordernepal

Earthquake Terror : Inactive State Machinery

Buddhi Narayan Shrestha

Ten years ago on 25 April 2015, a large scale devastating earthquake occurred in Nepal. The powerful earthquake of 7.8 Richter scale shook Nepal for 55 seconds and it made the people panic. 9,000 Nepali people died when the powerful earthquake shook the ground, 22 thousand injured and 276 missing. Due to the earthquake, 74,000 private, government, heritage, school and public houses were destroyed. 7 lakh 76 thousand houses were severely damaged and 2 lakh 84 thousand houses were partially damaged. In ten years period, some of us may have forgotten that panic moment. But let us not forget the consequences of that devastating earthquake. If an earthquake of this scale or even higher Richter scale happens to our doorstep again, let us always keep in the corner of our mind, how to be saved ourselves from that catastrophe and how to protect others. Because Nepal lies in an earthquake risk zone.

Within ten years period, six moderate level earthquakes occurred and thousands of aftershocks of lower scale have been going on. People have not forgotten a kind of fear in mind. When these aftershocks are released, there is a fear that there may occur a greater scale earthquake than that of 25 April 2015. The 2015 earthquake was not above 8 Richter scale. Therefore, the energy of the earthquake is trapped inside the plate of the fault line, below surface of the earth. Seismologists and geologists have estimated that if these plates suddenly move at higher speed, it will be added to the energy that is stuck underneath the tectonic plate. The added power can create a larger earthquake than 2015 earthquake.

In 1834 in Nepal, there occurred a most devastating earthquake of magnitude 8 and 8.4 in 1934. According to Roger Bilham, a seismologist from the University of Colorado in the US, “In the Himalayan region, a great earthquake usually occurs in a cycle of 100 years.” But in Nepal, a larger level earthquake occurred in 82 years this time, that is 18 years earlier than the next cycle of devastating earthquake. Since, 2015 large scale earthquake is not of the level of the Great Earthquake with more than 8 Richter scale. So, it is believed that another Great Earthquake is yet to be occurred.

Some other geologists are saying- when the Gorkha earthquake occurred on 25 April 2015, 130 km west-east long and 50 km wide fault line was created from Barpak Gorkha to Dolakha. Its remaining strength was stuck at a depth of about 10 km underneath the Mahabharata region, south of Kathmandu Valley.

In order to release all the energy stored in this area for the past 82 years, the rift had to reach the surface of the ground in the border area of ​​Chure hill and plain Tarai. But that didn’t happen. Therefore, after the Gorkha earthquake, the seismic risk has increased in the south of Kathmandu valley. Because of this, they believe that a major earthquake may occur after 10-20 years. However, science has not been able to predict earthquakes. Although science cannot forecast the date and time; small or moderate, large or great earthquakes continue to be occurred in Nepal. Earthquake comes suddenly with sarcasm and goes hurly-burly creating hue & cry to the people.

Seismologically, the Himalayan region has always been at risk. According to a survey, Nepal ranks 11th in the world in terms of earthquake risk, based on possible death. According to the concept of earthquake experts, Nepal was never earthquake-proof and cannot be in the future.

It is to be remembered that an earthquake above 8 Richter scale is called a Great earthquake, while those from 7 to 8 are classified as Large, from 6 to 7 as Moderate, and from 4 to 6 as Small earthquakes. Similarly, an earthquake of magnitude 2 to 4 is called an Aftershock. Aftershocks less than 2 are not recorded. When there is a difference of one  Richter scale, the power becomes 32 times less or more. Even after the large earthquake of 2015, moderate earthquakes are still occurring from time to time.

According to the data of the National Earthquake Monitoring and Research Center, within 10 years after the Gorkha earthquake, there have been 5 moderate (6 to 7 Richter scale), 820 small (4 to 6 scale) and 55 thousand aftershocks (less than 4 scale). According to the center, aftershocks occur in Nepal 10-12 times a day. Recently, two earthquakes (5.2 and 5.5 Richter scale) occurred in three minutes in the evening in Jajarkot region on 6 April 2025. Some houses were torn down. A few people were injured when they ran away. This is how earthquakes are happening. As earthquakes and aftershocks are happening like this, we always need to be careful.

Geographical location of Nepal

Fifty million years ago, the Indian plate from the south collided with the Tibetan Eurasian plate in the north and entered underneath. As a result, the 2500 km long Himalayan range from Afghanistan to Myanmar was formed. It includes 800 km of Nepal Himalaya. According to domestic and foreign scientists who are studying and monitoring earthquakes, the Indian plate has been still sliding into the Tibetan plate for millions of years.

Even currently, it is sliding at a rate of about 2 cm per year. Similarly, the Siwalik Mahabharata mountain range is estimated to be rising by 3 mm per year and the Himalayas by about 2 to 7 mm. There are three fault lines east-west in Chure Shiwalik range within the territory of Nepal. Even when the small plates in such faults collide with each other, due to friction, the surface vibrates.

Earthquake education

If a large-scale earthquake occurs in the future, we should acquire the knowledge and be alert, how to survive ourselves and save others or how to minimize damage. Actually, earthquakes don’t kill people. But a man is killed by his own house, built by himself. Even if people know nothing about earthquake, there is a possibility that they can be saved, if they are always alert and aware by taking precautions.

By adopting the proper method for this, you can protect yourself to a large extent. At the time of the earthquake, if you are at school class room or on any floor of the house, you should immediately decide and work out from where you can get out calmly without panicking. We should have some knowledge, such as, how to escape from the house to save life at the moment of an earthquake. Knowledge on earthquake should be included in the curriculum to impart it to the students from the high school level education.

Earthquake resistant technology

Earthquake-resistant house/building construction techniques should be adopted to reduce earthquake damage. In this regard, a system should be developed to allow the construction of building structures only according to the bearing capacity after testing the soil of different areas. A mechanism should be developed to ensure strict adherence to scientific national standards for construction of residential houses, buildings, housing complexes, commercial malls, and office complexes. The relevant departments and agencies under the Ministry of Urban Development should be strict to adopt earthquake resistant (resilient) technology in such structures, while issuing the construction permit.

Disaster management

After the earthquake, all commercial air flights should be canceled immediately and regulations should be made to use helicopters and small airplanes for rescue operations. Provision should be made to store the necessary amount of food, blankets, beds, tents, fast food (prepared food) etc. at the regional level. Such goods stored in the godown should be replaced every year. There should be a practice to sell out old goods and materials and replace by new stock.

Arrangements should be made to keep a stock of medicine needed for the earthquake victims in the regional level health institutions. There should be an arrangement to sell such stockpiled medicines every year or two and replace new medicines and healthcare related materials and equipment.

Arrangements should be made to carry out active rescue operations within a short period of time after the occurrence of earthquake. Rescue equipment- like, instant cutting the reinforced cement structures, electrical tools that can make holes on the roof and wall, battery operated iron cutters,  chemical liquid that can break the pile of bricks into pieces and soil etc should be arranged and to be available immediately. Trained rescue people and volunteers who know how to operate such equipment and technical equipment should be in ready position at all times. A well-developed system should be managed for immediate and quick removal of piles of bricks, mud and wooden/iron materials etc.

At the end of

After the powerful earthquake 10 years ago, the people of Nepal experienced the government’s slowness in disaster management system. At first, Nepal itself did not start to rescue the victims of that earthquake disaster for a few days. But a well-equipped rescue team from neighboring India arrived the next day and a team from China the day after, and also rescuers from other countries arrived in Nepal. Some foreign teams went directly from the airport to the area where the structure was destroyed. They took out some trapped person alive and some buried corpses from the damaged houses. Then the Nepali team was also equipped and started to rescue work. Some teams worked on their own, while some other teams engaged with foreigners in rescue operations. Based on all these experiences, it seems that an efficient mechanism should be developed in disaster management system to cope the future happenings.

There should be advance management of rescue operations for impending disasters like earthquakes. But, in our country, only a few days after the calamity happened, the management uses to be in haste. The victims of the Jajarkot and Bajhang earthquakes that happened a year and a half ago had to wait for months to get tents to be protected from the cold air, and obtain warm clothing to protect them from winter. Most of the victims are yet to get relief materials. In a country with earthquake risk like ours, it is necessary to disseminate knowledge in the society how to survive oneself and save others, in case of sudden earthquake occurrence. One should always be alert and aware by acquiring earthquake education by adopting earthquake resistant construction standards. In order to reduce the risk, the government should make the public awareness of the adoption of such standards. In our earthquake-prone country, we must keep in mind that a devastating earthquake can strike at any time. The government apparatus have a tendency that they will get frightened when an earthquake suddenly happens/shakes the ground, and they use to forget the panic in a few days. This tendency is not good for the sake of disaster management in the country.

     

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Earthquake Terror : State Machinery Apathetic

Posted on April 25, 2025 by bordernepal

Earthquake Terror : State Machinery Apathetic

Buddhi Narayan Shrestha

भूकम्पको त्रास : राज्य संयन्त्र उदास

  • भूकम्पीय प्रकोपजस्ता आइलाग्ने विपत्का लागि उद्धार कार्यको अग्रिम व्यवस्थापन हुनुपर्छ । तर हामीकहाँ विपत् परेको केही दिनपछि मात्रै व्यवस्थापन जुर्मुराउने गरेको छ । भूकम्पीय जोखिममा रहेको हाम्रो देशमा विनाशकारी भूकम्प जतिसुकै बेला आउन सक्छ भन्ने हेक्का राख्नुपर्छ ।

दस वर्षअघि वैशाख १२ गते नेपालमा विनाशकारी भूकम्प आएको थियो । ७.६ रेक्टर स्केलको शक्तिशाली भूकम्पले नेपाललाई ५५ सेकेन्ड हल्लाएर जनतालाई त्राहिमाम बनाएको थियो । शक्तिशाली भुइँचालोले जमिन हल्लाउँदै थेचार्दै गर्दा ९ हजार जना नेपालीको ज्यान गयो । २२ हजार घाइते र २ सय ७६ बेपत्ता भएका थिए । भूकम्पका कारण निजी, सरकारी, सम्पदा, विद्यालय, सार्वजनिक गरी ७४ हजार घर भत्केका थिए ।

७ लाख ७६ हजार घरमा निकै क्षति पुगेको थियो भने २ लाख ८४ हजार घरमा आंशिक रूपमा क्षति भएको थियो । १० वर्षको अन्तरालमा हामीमध्ये कतिपयले त्यो क्षण बिर्सिसक्यौं होला । तर त्यस विनाशकारी भुइँचालोले छाडेको परिणामलाई हामी नबिर्सौं । यतिकै स्केलको अथवा योभन्दा पनि ठूलो महाभूकम्प फेरि हाम्रो घरदैलोमा आयो भने कसरी त्यस प्रलयबाट जोगिने र अरूलाई कुन तरिकाबाट जोगाउने भन्ने कुरा सदैव हामीले हाम्रो मनमस्तिष्कको एउटा कुनामा राखौं । किनभने नेपाल भूकम्पको जोखिम क्षेत्रमा छ ।

१० वर्षसम्म पनि शक्तिशाली स्तरका ६ वटा भूकम्प र त्यसभन्दा कम स्केलको परकम्पन गइरहेकाले मानिसलाई एक प्रकारको त्रास छुटेको छैन । यस्ता परकम्पन छुट्दा छुट्दै २०७२ वैशाख १२ को भन्दा ठूलो महाभूकम्प आउने हो कि भन्ने डर छ । २०७२ मा ८ रेक्टर स्केलभन्दा माथिको भूकम्प आएन । त्यसैले भूकम्पको ऊर्जाशक्ति फल्ट (चिरा) लाइनको प्लेटभित्र अड्केर बसेको छ । यस्ता प्लेटहरू आकस्मिक रूपले द्रुतगतिमा चलायमान भए भने त्यो अड्किरहेको ऊर्जाशक्तिमा थपिने अथवा थपिएको शक्तिले महाभूकम्प पैदा गर्न सक्छ भन्ने आकलन भूकम्पबेत्ता तथा भूगर्भविद्को रहेको छ ।

सम्वत् १८९० मा ८ रेक्टर स्केल र १९९० मा ८.४ स्केलको महाभूकम्प गएको थियो । अमेरिका कोलोराडो विश्वविद्यालयका भूकम्पबेत्ता रजर विलहामका अनुसार ‘हिमालय क्षेत्रमा रहेका मुलुकमा साधारणतः सय वर्षको साइकलमा एउटा महाभूकम्प जान्छ ।’ तर नेपालमा महाभूकम्पको अर्को समयचक्र नपुग्दै अर्थात् ८२ वर्षमै शक्तिशाली भूकम्प गयो । २०७२ को महाभूकम्पीय स्तरको नभएकाले अर्को महाभूकम्प बाँकी नै रहेको छ भन्ने ठानिन्छ ।

अन्य केही भूगर्भबेत्ताहरू भन्दै छन्– २०७२ वैशाख १२ मा गोरखा केन्द्रबिन्दु भएको भूकम्प जाँदा फाटेको बार्पाकदेखि पूर्वतिर दोलखासम्मको लगभग १३० किलोमिटर पूर्व–पश्चिम लामो र ५० किमि चौडा धाँजा (चिरा) को शक्ति काठमाडौंभन्दा दक्षिणतिर महाभारत क्षेत्रमुनि लगभग १० किमि गहिराइमा अड्किएको छ ।

यस क्षेत्रमा गत ८२ वर्षदेखि सञ्चित सम्पूर्ण उर्जाशक्ति स्खलन हुनका निम्ति उक्त धाँजा फाट्दै चुरे र तराईको सिमाना क्षेत्रमा जमिनको सतहसम्म अइपुग्नुपर्ने थियो । तर त्यसो हुन सकेन । त्यसैले गोरखा भूकम्पपछि काठमाडौंभन्दा दक्षिणको भागमा भूकम्पीय जोखिम बढेर गएको छ । यस कारण १०–२० वर्षपछि महाभूकम्प आउन सक्छ भन्ने उनीहरूको धारणा रहेको पाइन्छ । यद्यपि, भूकम्प जाने भविष्यवाणी विज्ञानले सिर्जना गर्न सकेको छ्रैन । विज्ञानले तिथि, मिति र समय यकिन गर्न नसके तापनि नेपालमा साना ठूला भूकम्प गई नै रहन्छन् ।

भूकम्पीय हिसाबले हिमालय क्षेत्र सधैं जोखिममा रहेको छ । एक सर्भेक्षणअनुसार सम्भावित मृत्युको आधारमा नेपाल भूकम्पीय जोखिमको हिसाबले विश्वको ११ औं नम्बरमा पर्छ । नेपाल कहिल्यै भूकम्पप्रुफ थिएन र भविष्यमा पनि हुन सक्दैन भन्ने भूकम्पबेत्ताहरूको अवधारणा रहिआएको छ ।

स्मरणीय छ, ८ रेक्टर स्केलभन्दा माथिको भूकम्पलाई महाभूकम्प भनिन्छ भने ७ देखि ८ सम्मकोलाई शक्तिशाली, ६ देखि ७ सम्मको मझौला र ४ देखि ६ सम्मकोलाई साना भूकम्पमा वर्गीकरण गरिएका छन् । यसैगरी २ देखि ४ रेक्टरसम्मको भूकम्पलाई परकम्प भनिन्छ । २ देखि कमको परकम्पलाई रेकर्ड गरिँदैन । १ रेक्टर स्केलको तलमाथि हुँदा ३२ गुणा शक्ति कम वा बढी हुन जान्छ । सम्वत् २०७२ को शक्तिशाली भूकम्प पछि पनि बेलाबखत मझौलास्तरका भूकम्प गइरहेकै छन् ।

राष्ट्रिय भूकम्प मापन केन्द्रको तथ्यांकअनुसार गोर्खा भूकम्पपछि १० वर्षभित्र ५ वटा मझौला (६ देखि ७ रेक्टर स्केल), ८२० साना (२ देखि ४ स्केल) र ५५ हजार परकम्प (४ भन्दा कम स्केल) गएका छन् । केन्द्रका अनुसार नेपालमा स–साना परकम्प दिनको १०–१२ पटक जान्छन् । हालै २०८१ चैत २२ मा जाजरकोट क्षेत्रमा बेलुका तीन मिनेटमा दुईवटा भूकम्प (५.२ तथा ५.५ रेक्टर स्केल) गए । केही घर चिरा परे । अतालिएर भाग्दा केही मानिस घाइते भए । यसरी भूकम्प गइरहेकै छन् । यसरी भूकम्प र परकम्प गइरहेकाले हामीले जहिल्यै पनि सावधानी अपनाउनुपर्ने आवश्यकता छ ।

नेपालको भौगोलिक अवस्थिति

५ करोड वर्ष पहिले दक्षिणर्फको इन्डियन प्लेट उत्तरमा रहेको तिब्बती युरेसियन प्लेटमा ठोक्किन आइपुगी भित्र पस्यो । फलस्वरूप अफगानिस्तानदेखि म्यानमारसम्म २५ सय किलोमिटर हिमालय शृंखला बन्यो । यसमा ८ सय किलोमिटर नेपालको हिमशृंखला पर्छ । भूकम्पसम्बन्धी अध्ययन अनुसन्धान तथा मनिटरिङ गरिरहेका स्वदेशी–विदेशी वैज्ञानिकहरूका अनुसार करोडौं वर्षदेखि भारतीय प्लेट तिब्बती प्लेटमा घुस्ने–घस्रने क्रम जारी छ ।

हालमा पनि प्रतिवर्ष करिब २ सेन्टिमिटरका दरले पस्दै छ । यस्तै, शिवालिक महाभारत पहाडी शृंखला प्रतिवर्ष ३ मिलिमिटर उठ्दै गएको र हिमालय करिब २ देखि ७ मिमि अग्लिँदै गरेको अनुमान गरिएको छ । नेपालको जमिनभित्र चुरे शिवालिक शृंखलामा पूर्व–पश्चिम तीनवटा फल्ट लाइन (चिरा) बनेका छन् । यस्ता फल्टमा रहेका साना प्लेट घर्षणका कारण एकआपसमा ठोक्किन पुग्दा पनि सतहमा कम्पन छुट्ने गर्छ ।

भूकम्पीय शिक्षा, प्रविधि र व्यवस्थापन

कथंकदाचित् भविष्यमा ठूलो स्केलको महाभूकम्प आयो भने कसरी बाँच्ने र अरूलाई बचाउने अथवा कमभन्दा कम क्षति कसरी गराउन सकिन्छ भन्ने ज्ञान हासिल गर्नुपर्छ । वास्तवमा भूकम्पले मान्छेलाई मार्दैन । तर मानिसलाई आफ्नै घरले किचेर मार्छ । भूकम्प छुटेको समयमा कसरी बच्ने भन्नेबारे मानिसले केही मात्र भए पनि पूर्वसावधानी अपनाएर आफू सदैव जागरुक रहे भूकम्प आइहाले बच्न सक्ने सम्भावना रहन्छ ।

यसका निम्ति उचित तौरतरिका अपनाउँदा धेरै मात्रामा आफू सुरक्षित हुन सकिन्छ । भूकम्प गएको समय आफू विद्यालयमा अथवा घरको कुनै तलामा रहेको भए नआत्तिएर संयमका साथ कताबाट बाहिर निस्कन सकिन्छ भन्ने कुरा दिमागले तत्काल निर्णय गरी कामयाव गर्नुपर्छ । भूकम्पले हल्लाएको क्षणमा कस्तो उपायबाट घरबाहिरतिर भागेर ज्यान जोगाउन सकिन्छ भन्नेजस्ता विषयवस्तुसम्बन्धी भूकम्पको ज्ञान गराउन उच्च माध्यमिक विद्यालयसम्मको पाठ्यक्रममा संलग्न गरी शिक्षादीक्षा दिने व्यवस्था गरिनुपर्छ ।

भूकम्पको क्षति कम गराउनका लागि भूकम्प प्रतिरोधक घर/भवन बनाउने प्रविधि अवलम्बन गर्नुपर्छ । यससम्बन्धमा विभिन्न क्षेत्रको माटो परीक्षण गरी थेग्ने क्षमताअनुसारको मात्र भवन संरचना निर्माण गर्न अनुमति दिने पद्धतिको विकास गर्नुपर्छ । आवासीय घर, भवन, हाउजिङ कम्प्लेक्स, व्यापारिक मल, अफिस कम्प्लेक्स निर्माणसम्बन्धी वैज्ञानिक राष्ट्रिय मापदण्ड निर्धारण गरी कडाइका साथ अवलम्बन गराउने संयन्त्र विकास गरिनुपर्छ । यस्ता संरचनाहरूमा भूकम्प प्रतिरोधक (रिजलेन्ट) प्रविधि अपनाउन सहरी विकास मन्त्रालयअन्तर्गतका सम्बन्धित विभाग तथा निकायहरूले हदैसम्म कडाइ गर्नुपर्छ ।

भूकम्प गएपछि तत्काल सबै व्यावसायिक हवाई उडान रद्द गरी हेलिकप्टर तथा साना हवाई जहाज उद्धारकार्यमा लाग्नुपर्ने नियमावली निर्माण गरिनुपर्छ । आवश्यक मात्रामा खाद्यान्न, कम्बल, ओछ्यान, पाल, त्रिपाल, फास्टफुड (तयारी खाने कुरा) आदिको क्षेत्रीयस्तरमा भण्डारण गर्ने व्यवस्था हुनुपर्छ । गोदाममा सञ्चित यस्ता सामान ६ महिना/वर्ष दिनमा बदलिइरहनुपर्छ । पुरानो सामान बिक्री गरी नयाँ स्टक राख्ने प्रचलन गर्नुपर्छ ।

क्षेत्रीयस्तरको स्वास्थ्य संस्थामा भूकम्पपीडितका लागि आवश्यक पर्ने औषधिको स्टक राखिने प्रबन्ध गरिनुपर्छ । यस्ता सञ्चित औषधि वर्ष–वर्ष दिनमा बिक्री गरी नयाँ औषधि तथा स्वास्थ्य सेवासम्बन्धी सामग्री उपकरण बदलिरहने व्यवस्था हुनुपर्छ ।

भूकम्प गएको छोटो समयभित्रै धेरै उद्धार कार्य गर्न सकिने प्रबन्ध मिलाइराख्नुपर्छ । उद्धार उपकरणहरू– जस्तो, सिमेन्ट ढलानलाई तत्काल काट्ने, प्वाल पार्न सक्ने विद्युतीय उपकरण, ब्याट्रीचालित ज्याबल, थुप्रेको इँटालाई टुक्रा–टुक्रा पारी माटोमा परिणत गर्न सक्ने केमिकल तरल पदार्थ आदि सामग्री तत्काल उपलब्ध हुने प्रबन्ध गर्नुपर्छ । यस्ता उपकरण र प्राविधिक सरसामान चलाउन जान्ने तालिमप्राप्त व्यक्ति तयार पार्नुपर्छ । थुप्रेको इँटा, माटो आदि तत्काल छिटो हटाउने सोहोर्ने विकसित प्रणालीको व्यवस्थापन गर्नुपर्छ ।

अन्त्यमा

१० वर्षअघिको शक्तिशाली भूकम्पपछि विपत् व्यवस्थापनमा सरकारले निकै ढिलासुस्ती गरेको अनुभव नेपाली जनताले गरेका थिए । त्यस भूकम्पीय प्रकोपमा परेका पीडितलाई उद्धार गर्न केही दिनसम्म नेपाल आफैंले सकेन । तर छिमेकी देश भारतको सुसज्जित उद्धार टोली भोलिपल्टै र चीनको टोली पर्सिपल्ट सखारै, अनि अन्य देशका उद्धारक नेपाल उत्रिए ।

केही विदेशी टोली विमानस्थलबाट सिधै संरचना ध्वस्त भएको इलाकामा पुग्यो । घरले चेपिएरका कतिपय पीडितलाई जिउँदै र केही पुरिएका लास बाहिर निकाले । त्यसपछि नेपाली टोली पनि सुसज्जित भए । केही टोलीले आफैं काम गरे भने केही टोली विदेशीसँग संलग्न भएर उद्धार कार्यमा जुटे । यी सबै अनुभवका आधारमा भविष्यका लागि विपत् व्यवस्थापनमा स्वचालित संयन्त्रको विकास गर्नुपर्ने देखिन्छ ।

भूकम्पीय प्रकोपजस्ता आइलाग्ने विपत्का लागि उद्धार कार्यको अग्रिम व्यवस्थापन हुनुपर्छ । तर हामीकहाँ विपत् परेको केही दिनपछि मात्रै व्यवस्थापन जुर्मुराउने गरेको छ । डेढ वर्षअघि आएको जाजरकोट र बझाङका भूकम्पपीडितहरूले तत्कालका लागि चिसो हावा छल्ने टेन्ट त्रिपाल र जाडोबाट बच्ने न्यानो ओढ्ने ओछ्याउने सामग्री पाउन महिनौं कुर्नुपर्‍यो । पीडितहरूमध्ये अधिकांशले अहिलेसम्म राहत पाउन सकेका छैनन् ।

हाम्रोजस्तो भूकम्पीय जोखिम रहेको देश नेपालमा चक्रीयक्रम तथा नियमित आकस्मिकताका रूपमा आउने महाभूकम्प छुट्दा कसरी आफू बाँच्ने र अरूलाई बचाउने भन्ने ज्ञान प्रचारप्रसार गर्नुपर्छ । भूकम्प प्रतिरोधक निर्माण मापदण्ड अवलम्बन गर्दै भूकम्पीय शिक्षा हासिल गरी सदा चनाखो तथा जागरुक हुनुपर्छ । जोखिम कम गर्नाका लागि यस्तो मापदण्ड अवलम्बन गराउने तथा जनचेतना जगाउने कार्यमा सरकारले जनतालाई जागरुक बनाउनुपर्छ । भूकम्पीय जोखिममा रहेको हाम्रो देशमा विनाशकारी भूकम्प जतिसुकै बेला आउन सक्छ भन्ने हेक्का राख्नुपर्छ । भूकम्प आउँदा यस्सो झस्किने र फेरि केही दिनमै बिर्सने प्रवृत्ति राज्य संयन्त्रमा हुनुहुन्न ।

– श्रेष्ठ ‘भूकम्पको ज्ञान’ पुस्तकका लेखक तथा सीमा अध्येता हुन् ।

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