Gusari Mystique
Gusari (Goo sa ree like nursery)
This is a term that can be roughly applied to traveling performers in Eastern Europe, Slavic States and Western Russia during the 8th to 17th centuries, and equates to the Celtic “bard” in function. However, there are many important distinctions that could affect the use of this title or label, especially for SCA Bardic competition. There is evidence of their presence and influence in Saxony, Selesia, Moravia, Austria, Hungary, Kiev, Novgorod, and all southern realms.
1. It is a slang term of mixed origin that encompassed performance functions from many cultures. Specific references can be found for:
• Anyone playing the Gusli, a Russian lute type instrument.
• A traveler from afar, possibly originating in Qusar by the Caspian Sea and part of the “Silk Route.”
• A political satirist of the type associated with inciting the people of Kiev to free the Prince of Polotsk (circa 1225).
• A person who combined story telling with legerdemain in performance as distinct from traveling actors, jugglers, fire-eaters, etc. They did not always sing, but often combined story, recitation, and song according to the needs of the audience or setting. In this way they are linked with the European treverè tradition.
• Synonymous in the Novgorod area with the “skomorokhi.”
2. During the formation in Europe of the unified Germanic Duchies and the Growing power of the Lombards in the 12th and 13th centuries, the Gusari were chastised and outlawed because of their outspoken political parodies. Those who could keep their mouths in check became, Jongleurs (Juggler), Magika, Travere’, and Skomorokhi. The latter shift didn’t work out, however, because of later persecution by the churches in the 15th-17th centuries in Russia. Apparently, speaking the truth out load was not appreciated.
3. The Gusari is linked to the concept of the “baffoon” which inaccurately translates as “clown” in English culture. Thus a person dressed in harlequin type garb in 12th century Moravia would have acted and performed differently than one in English or French court.
4. Actors in the Gusari tradition performed short skits rather than traditional plays. They often substituted the names of local officials and powerful merchants into the skits for parody, humor, and political purposes.
5. The Gusari are based on a merchant tradition more than a religious one, though the later sift to skomorokhi took on unfortunate religious relationships. They traveled from Turkic (silk route) lands north to Saxony and West to France. Southern influence is lost in Islamic expansion. The collapse of the Khazar Empire seems to have severed any link to Caspian area. However:
• 1999 background for the building of a gas line from the Caspian to Romania refers to following the “Trade Route” established by the Gusari.
• In 1998, two students accused of smuggling in Russian Georgia claimed protection under the “Gusari Law.” While no details were given it apparently had to do with ancient protection for the merchant class. The petition was denied because the accused could not prove direct personal ascendancy from the 12th century merchants.
6. Modern usage appears to be linked exclusively with the Gusli instrument, which is now far removed from the original 5 string ‘block ‘n strum’ instrument.
Anyone adopting an Eastern European or near Russian persona can rightly call themselves a Gusari if they tell stories, and use music, magic and other arts to entertain. Presentations are not restricted to lyric forms or Bard traditions. The appropriate term is “bylini”, which translates as “what happened.” Other mixed story/songs are called “starina”, which means “what is old.” The best term for this unique persona group is “umeltz”, which means “a versatile person.” Attempts to use satire and political parody in a medieval tradition will probably not be successful. Logical argument was also by parable and “Plato’s Dialectic” rather then syllogistic.
Note: Gusari is also a name for Japanese chain mail armor, which greatly complicates Internet research. Many of my links were developed through communication with the Slavic Interest League in Romania.