[A] In Vietnam, Media Leaders Vow to Reduce Stigma in HIV/AIDS Coverage

(July 13, 2007) Meeting at an Internews Europe workshop for editors last month, over 40 media leaders from across Vietnam agreed to work together to reduce stigma and discrimination in HIV reporting. They also agreed to promote more frequent and responsible coverage of HIV/AIDS by their journalists.

“Media play a pivotal role in HIV/AIDS prevention in our country,” said Vietnamese Deputy Minister Do Quy Doan in his opening remarks. “Perhaps no other sector has such incredible power as the media to raise awareness among people of the negative impacts of stigma and discrimination towards people living with HIV, and to change people’s risky behaviors.”

The editors’ workshop, “Reducing Stigma and Discrimination in the Media in Vietnam,” held in Hanoi on June 18, was organized as part of Internews Europe’s program to improve media coverage of HIV/AIDS in the Mekong Delta, funded by the UK’s Department for International Development (DFID).

The diverse group of media leaders represented provinces that are considered hot spots for HIV/AIDS. Participants came from 35 newspapers, three radio stations and two TV stations. At the workshop, people living with HIV (PLHIV) from the Vietnam office of Health Policy Initiative, an international NGO, described how stigma and discrimination, including in media coverage, inhibit the prevention and care of HIV/AIDS.

According to a representative from Health Policy Initiative, which has analyzed Vietnamese media coverage of PLHIV, “Only a fraction of the articles on PLHIV reflected the positive way in which people were coping with the disease, for example, the issues involved in maintaining employment, participating in family life and being active members of the community. Newspaper constructions of PLHIVs in many cases reinforce the image of people living with HIV/AIDS as a ‘social evil’ or morally corrupt.”

Speaking of the representatives from the Health Policy Initiative, one editor said, “It was inspiring to meet two people who are so alive and productive after 13 years and 24 years of living with HIV. This has made me understand that we need not fear HIV, as people can live for a long time and be part of the community.”

Co-chaired by Deputy Minister Do Quy Doan and the Head of the Press Department for the Ministry of Culture and Information, Hoang Huu Luong , the meeting offered one of the first opportunities for media executives to hear firsthand from the government about stigma and discrimination according to Vietnam’s 2006 law on AIDS, and to discuss the importance of more responsible reporting on HIV/AIDS.

Some newspaper editors, especially those from the provinces, reported that in the past they considered HIV/AIDS stories to be a low priority, but this workshop had changed their minds. The editors and managers also requested further training on HIV reporting for both journalists and senior editorial and management staff.

During the final session of the day, editors identified and discussed challenges to improved reporting on HIV, such as lack of access to accurate information about the epidemic; lack of training; limited access to experts; difficulty addressing cultural norms; and ethical dilemmas, such as the tension between the need to respect confidentiality and the need to provide a platform for PLHIV.

The session concluded with the editors each making five commitments to reduce stigma and discrimination in HIV reporting by their stations and newspapers. They agreed to provide more information on HIV/AIDS, especially on its socio-economic impacts; to organize HIV/AIDS writing contest for reporters; to establish media clubs and fora including journalists, PLHIV, and other experts; to avoid sensationalizing stories on HIV; and to reach out to PLHIVs to encourage them to write articles about themselves, or to serve as sources so reporters can better report on the “human face” of HIV in Vietnam.

Guest speakers at the editor’s workshop included Dr. Trinh Quan Huan, the Deputy Minister for Health; Dr. Chu Quoc An from the Vietnam Administration of HIV/AIDS Control and General Director of AIDS and Community magazine; and Heather Kelly, a veteran international producer from Asiaworks Television specializing in HIV programming. David Hoffman, President of Internews Network, also participated in the meeting.

The editor’s workshop followed a five-day Internews training for print and radio journalists on covering HIV/AIDS, and three four-day trainings on “Getting Your Message Across” for PLHIV from the Bright Futures Network, the Health Policy Initiative and VICOM-C with associated networks.

As a result of these training activities, participating journalists produced more than 30 stories for their newspapers and radio stations on issues of stigma and discrimination against people living with HIV.

[A] Vietnamese Journalists Learn to Reduce Stigma

http://www.internews.org/prs/2007/20070615_vietnam.shtm

(June 15, 2007) Following training in reporting effectively on HIV/AIDS, Vietnamese journalists are writing stories that contain significantly fewer stigmatizing words and phrases, according to an Internews analysis. In addition, trainees say they have a much better understanding of the negative impacts of discrimination against HIV-positive people.

This training is part of an Internews project that helps journalists based in the Mekong region to improve their reporting on HIV/AIDS. As part of the project, Internews conducts regular monitoring and content analysis of stories produced by participants during and after training workshops.

Most recently, Internews held a five-day workshop in the northern city of Hailong, Quang Ninh province, that was the first ever to focus on stigma and discrimination of people living HIV/AIDS (PLHIVs) in Vietnam.

“Most of the participants in this workshop had previously participated in basic trainings with Internews, and their stories show a great improvement in terms of accuracy and reduced use of stigmatizing terminology,” said Lyndal Barry, Internews Mekong Project Director.

Also participating in the workshop were four staffers of Bright Future, a Vietnamese non-profit organization founded by people living HIV/AIDS that provides support, advice and education for PLHIVs. The inclusion of PLHIVs in the training has proven effective, as the participants said it allowed them to see the “human face” of HIV/AIDS and reduced prejudice.

“This is the most interesting and fun journalism training I have ever attended,” said a radio reporter who was one of the 22 journalists participating in the training. “And when it focused on discrimination, which is a big issue here, it was very useful.”

Held in May, the workshop was co-organized by the Vietnamese Ministry of Culture and Information and the Ministry of Health.

In April, Internews conducted two other PLHIV workshops on media and communications in Hanoi and in Ho Chi Minh City. These were held in conjunction with Bright Future and the Vietnamese Community Mobilization Center for HIV/AIDS Control (VICOMC), another local non-profit organization working on HIV/AIDS.

This Internews project helps journalists based in the Mekong region to strengthen and increase their coverage of the prevention, care and treatment of HIV/AIDS. Focused workshops encourage active participation and a practical approach, and post-training support and mentoring helps the journalists to produce stories from the workshops for publication or broadcast.

The program is funded by a grant to Internews Europe by the UK Department for International Development.

My presentations update

1. Thesis defense at USSH Ha Noi: (DONE!)
Time: 14h Saturday, June 9, 2007
Venue: Room 413-C Đại học Khoa học Xã hội và Nhân văn, 336 Nguyễn Trãi, Hà Nội.

2. Presentation at the Institute for Social Development Studies (ISDS): (DONE!)
Time: 9 a.m. Saturday, June 23, 2007
Venue: Room 19-1 VIMECO Building, Phạm Hùng Rd., Hà Nội.
Registration: Email to isdsvn@isds.org.vn
Tel: (84-4) 7820058

3. Oral/Poster presentation (Cancelled)
Time: August 19 – 23, 2007.
Venue: The 8th ICAAP in Colombo, Sri Lanka

4. Presentation at HIV/AIDS VNGOs Working Group:
Time: tba
Venue: tba

June 13 – ICAAP8, here I come!

Good news! Thanks to the generous support of IWHC, I am heading to Colombo, Sri Lanka for the 8th Int’l Congress on AIDS in Asia and the Pacific (ICAAP8). Even though the topic of my approved abstract is about the stigmatising language in Vietnamese against PLWHAs, I am thinking to pick one sub-theme of my B.A. thesis to present at the congress instead. Hurrah!!!

A new message from ICAAP8:

A man sits in a hospital ward, and asks for a drink of water. The nurse does not bring him a glass, but throws a bucket of cold water over his head. She believes he, and he alone is responsible for his disease, HIV. He is only one of three patients in the ward, its not surprising with that level of compassion and patient care, that there aren’t more people suffering from HIV warded at the hospital.

It’s all about stigma, the lack of education and a top down response to the epidemic. Track A one of four tracks at the upcoming 8th ICAAP in Colombo Sri lanka is all about the “Political and Community Leadership and Partnership for Change”. This track will explore ways of bridging gaps between political and community leadership through bottom up approaches as adopted in many parts of Asia and the Pacific. Business and religious leaderships will also have a role in further strengthening the future of the HIV response.

Media to Facilitate Information Exchange” “Scaling up Universal Access to Preventive Services”, “Successful advocacy by PLWHA” and “Programming for Children Affected by HIV” are some of the session titles at the upcoming 8th ICAAP.

Abstracts ranging from how to enhance media coverage of HIV and TB, to cross country collaborations to share the best strategies for helping children, make up some of the sessions, and a provide a framework for reducing stigma and discrimination.

This congress aims to take on some tough themes, with human rights and human security, gender and sexuality as well Greater Involvement of People Living with AIDS (GIPA) as their main cross cutting themes.

We envisage the exchange of crucial information and ideas in the fight for greater awareness of HIV and AIDS in Asia and the Pacific. We look forward to your participation.

Language of “moral revolt”

The growing positive tendency in the HIV/AIDS language looks very promising. However, there is one distinctive characteristic that has earned Viet Nam a not-so-good “reputation.” It is the language of “moral revolt” against “social evils,” more specifically, against sex work and drug use. Although there have been deliberate efforts to de-link such a representation in print media, some implied linkages between AIDS (or HIV/AIDS) and “social evils” can still be found.

I roughly did a translation of one special section I wrote about this topic to share with everyone interested. In my writing, even though I did not mention to its political background, I am firmly convinced that the optimal solution to this issue can never be achieved without a radical change at political level…

Please note that the reason why I chose June 2000 as the beginning point of my data collecting is because June 5, 2000 was the establishment day of the National Committee for AIDS prevention and for drug and prostitution control (NCADP).

Click here to download: Language of “moral revolt”
In order to give the readers an accurate impression of the HIV/AIDS language in Vietnamese print media, I tried to translate the writing word by word. The problem of inaccuracy, e.g. “HIV/AIDS – infected” (most common mistake), “HIV virus,” “dying of AIDS” etc. is obviously visible in quotes and examples.

To learn more about the HIV/AIDS communication context in Viet Nam, please visit HealtheComm.

Posted in Final. 2 Comments »

June 6 – Internet and e-resources on HIV/AIDS

Internet changed my life

There is a great buddy, actually the most helpful one to my research that I did not mention in the acknowledgements. Believe it or not, that is the Internet! I cannot imagine how I could have struggled with my thesis without it. If you look at my reference list, you’ll see there is a bunch of electronic materials, especially in English. Should I say thanks to my friend in need, the so-called INTERNET? :) Interestingly enough, almost 2 months ago, at the USSH Ha Noi’s English Olympiad (in which I won the 1st prize), I wrote an essay about the usefulness of the Internet …

Admittedly, “there is a wealth of valuable information and content available online” on the topic of HIV/AIDS. In an in-depth analysis of Electronic resources for media on HIV/AIDS, Jackie Davies of OneWorld repeated the sentence twice. Below is an excerpt from her excellent article:

The role of local communicators

In the communication battle against HIV/AIDS, local media play a crucial role, since they reach local audiences in their own language and within a shared cultural context. Research shows that many social factors and agents condition behaviour change, the local media being one of the most significant ones (Myers, 2004). Local media (i.e. TV, radio and print; public, state, commercial and community media) and other communicators at the local level -such as health workers, health NGOs and ministries- all play their role in informing and educating audiences. However, local media face many challenges in terms of capacity, knowledge and practical and thematic HIV/AIDS resources.

Local media needs

Communicators at the grassroots level, and often nationally, require many resources for understanding HIV/AIDS and producing accurate content that has an impact on their audiences. These needs include understanding the science and language of AIDS; accessing credible sources of information; collaborating with information providers; and developing their own excellent AIDS content based on high production standards and good participatory media skills.

The information required by the media for effective HIV/AIDS communication range from basic data to detailed analyses about specific topics within the overall issue (Singhal et al., 2003). Without the basic accurate verifiable and trustworthy ‘facts’, communicators are liable to make mistakes. Such mistakes are particularly serious, since in HIV/AIDS misinformation can have detrimental effects. In this context, access to basic information and help in understanding the ‘facts’ are vital.

Besides the need for understanding the basics, the science and scientific language of HIV/AIDS, there is also a need for understanding new research, particularly the research linked to treatment (Nocuze, 2004). It is also important to understand HIV/AIDS as a social and development issue that is complex. Such an understanding gives rise to more awareness about human interest reporting, a style of coverage to which many audiences respond.

Local media play a key role as intermediaries translating the language of HIV/AIDS –with its western, scientific, development-jargoned character- into communication that is clear and accessible for local people, often speaking different languages and living in very varied contexts (Interviews, 2005). Resources that aid media in translating are vital: both actual translation from one language –often English- to another, and also ‘translating’ or interpreting the convoluted inaccessible scientific lingo into something simple and clearly understandable. There is also a need to learn about the importance of appropriate language in terms of finding words that are culturally acceptable and which do not stigmatize or discriminate (WHO, 2004).

There is a need for resources to present content in ways accessible and acceptable for audiences, using appropriate language and methods. Factors important in this sense are the sexual content and subtext in HIV/AIDS communication, as well as the medic-scientific character of much of the HIV/AIDS information (Interviews, 2005). Knowing how to speak about AIDS and sex in a way that is not salacious, but effective and accurate, is a skill that must be learnt (Singhal et al., 2003). There is value in learning from other people’s experience of becoming sensitized to appropriate language, and how to communicate sensitive issues using effective communication strategies and adopting best practices in terms of radio, TV and print production.

Gaining access to up-to-date information about HIV and AIDS is another need. Finding good sources of information that provide news and data in digestible and trustworthy forms is essential for good reporting. The main sources of information for local media tend to be governmental, health authorities, NGOs and ‘local’ official voices, i.e. local experts, society leaders and community spokespersons. Using international sources to access statistics and worldwide data is also important. International sources are often used for double-checking facts and views that have been generated locally (Interviews, 2005).

There is a need for resources that contribute to developing media production skills in general and HIV/AIDS-related production skills specifically. This has been a major focus of media support activities by international and national organisations for many years, and with the advent of ICTs there is now the additional opportunity to put some of these capacity-building resources online for wider distribution (Chetley, 2005).

There is a need to learn current methods of broadcast programming for HIV/AIDS communication, including less ‘scientific’ formats and more human-interest coverage. These needs are clear to many local media trainers. Paul Kavuma, who trains local media in Uganda, said:

“If you listen to radio stations in Uganda, you’re going to listen for the features –and there are hardly any. So, if I can listen to some features that I find on a certain website, then that’s good for me. Or maybe I feel that our public service announcements are too direct or boring, there’s this whole concept of ‘infotainment’, and I’m wondering how do I really make it interesting but still relevant, and how do I make it stick. You’ll go and hope to get some examples from people who are in situations that are close to yours –listen to something from Zambia or Zimbabwe, etc., you’re bound to like it. So, of course it’s very important in terms of the formats as well” (Interviews, 2005).

Information sources

Sources on HIV/AIDS range from official to non-official, partisan to neutral, and local to international. Official sources include government and national authorities. The ease of access to these sources depends on the local circumstances. However, with an increasing number of official statistics and data available online, the Internet does often provides a useful alternative to the often time-consuming route of visiting national authorities and trying to reach the correct person to obtain the information required. Ironically, it can sometimes be quicker and easier to find information online via an international intermediary (such as a leading newspaper or UN agency) because international media sometimes have better access to the national authorities than the local media has in developing countries (Interviews, 2005).

E-resources that can be trusted and that are vetted and verifiable are of great value to a great many media practitioners around the world. Local media need trustworthy data upon which to build reports and human interest stories. Reporting on HIV/AIDS within the local context should be appropriate to that context, but by the same token it should also be accurate.

In many cases, international organisations and agencies may be able to provide more HIV and AIDS information than available locally, and more authoritative information that is less influenced by local political and/or social censorship. But HIV/AIDS content provided by international NGOs should not be viewed as intrinsically ’neutral’; it is the product of their own contexts and sets of organisational strategic assumptions. International sources may also present local media with useful best practices content, highlighting what other communicators have done in campaigns and reports on HIV/AIDS (UNESCO/UNAIDS, 2001).

There is a need for international content to ‘supplement’ local or traditional sources of information. The challenge in HIV/AIDS e-resourcing for media is to make ICT-enabled communications more of a service and integrate it with local ‘off-line’ communication, not something imposed from outside that will challenge local ideas, thus resulting in less effective advocacy and behaviour change.

The potential impact of western-designed e-resources ‘competing’ with local communications needs to be understood and mitigated by emphasising context in the usage of e-resources. It is highly problematic to have generic and possibly politicized international content swamping local communication sources and data, and giving contradictory messages (OneWorld, 2004).

On the other hand, the technology presents an opportunity for local communication to use it as well. As Manuel Castells outlines, the Internet can play a powerful new role (Castells, 2000).

Knowledge of e-resources

Due to the lack of research about the usage of HIV/AIDS communication e-resources, it is difficult to make authorized statements about the level of knowledge and usage. However, there is anecdotal evidence, as well as some impact analysis that points to a situation where local media are not strongly engaged with e-resources, and knowledge of the various online information resources in limited (Interviews, 2005). User statistics for HIV/AIDS information websites indicate that usage is not as strong as anticipated or desired by the developers of the content, but that it is growing (OneWorld, 2003).

Reasons for this limited usage require further research, but it seems clear that many local media do not know what is available. In a recent study of local media in Uganda and Serbia (Interviews, 2005), the media personnel sample interviewed showed a familiarity with the Internet and openness to using the technology. However, they also showed a lack of knowledge about what e-resources exist for AIDS communicators. They demonstrated a usage pattern of ‘googling’ for HIV/AIDS information, rather than going directly to resource sites and portals (Interviews, 2005). (precisely! :D)

There is a wealth of valuable information and content available online, and developing and transitional countries media should be more aware of what is on offer as a starting point to assess what they could find useful. If they do not know about what is available, they are at a disadvantage: they are not accessing a wealth of content designed for their consumption, and the producers of these e-resources are not reaching their target audiences.

[A] The sobbing tears – Giọt nước mắt nức nở

A new friend of mine, also a great friend of Chung tay (a volunteer group whose motto is to join hands for children living and affected by HIV and AIDS in Viet Nam) just shared with me an article she recently wrote. Interestingly, she knows nothing of my research, but her article proves to me that my hypotheses of a growing positive tendency in the HIV/AIDS language are rational.

In the article titled The sobbing tears (Lao Dong newspaper), Quang Duy (my friend’s pen name) focused on an emotive story of Le Minh Long, a newly orphaned 2-year-old boy. She implied that Long’s case can speak for many other HIV orphans, particularly the orphans at the Social Labour Centre 02 in Ba Vi. Through the story, the journalist questioned the responsibilities of the “adults” to provide cares and love for the OVC (orphan and vulnerable children). What impressed me most is one little detail, that is an optimistic quote from an 11-year-old girl: “The doctor told me we may have medicine to cure my disease in 2010. But even if we haven’t had good medicine by that time, I will still love my mother, because without her, I wouldn’t have been born into this world…” (Note that this bright kid’s mother already passed away because of HIV)

Giọt nước mắt nức nở
Lao Động số 125 Ngày 02/06/2007 Cập nhật: 9:37 PM, 01/06/2007

(LĐ) – Ngày 1.4 năm nay, cậu bé Lê Minh Long mới vừa qua 2 tuổi đã phải rời khỏi nhà để đến sống tại nhà trẻ dành cho trẻ bị nhiễm HIV/AIDS ở Trung tâm Giáo dục lao động số II HN. Cả tháng sau, Long vẫn nằng nặc, mếu máo ngọng nghịu đòi “Đi về nà mìn”. Đầu óc non nớt của bé đâu hiểu rằng mình đã trở thành đứa trẻ mồ côi.

Mất cha, mất mẹ

HIV/AIDS đã cướp đi gia đình của bé. Mẹ bé đã bỏ đi hơn 1 năm nay và không biết có còn nhớ đứa con còn đỏ hỏn, mới chập chững biết đi của mình?

Chị Đinh Thị S – mẹ Long – vốn là một thôn nữ ở Phú Thọ, phiêu dạt xuống TP cảng, xin được chân làm tại quán cafe. Bố Long là anh Lê Anh T – công nhân cơ khí – họ gặp nhau và sống với nhau. Khi có cu Long, gia đình cho họ làm đám cưới. Khi Long ra đời, bác sĩ dặn là mẹ S không được cho con bú, bởi chị bị nhiễm HIV.

Bố Long choáng váng khi đi xét nghiệm và biết mình cũng đã nhiễm bệnh. Anh xin nghỉ làm, và từ đó suy sụp, kiệt sức, một năm sau thì mất, khi cu Long vừa đầy tuổi. Chị S nuôi con thêm 1 năm, rồi sau ngày giỗ đầu của chồng, chị bỏ hòn máu của mình lại cho bà nội.

Đứa bé mất cha, giờ mất nốt mẹ. Hai bà cháu – một người 74 tuổi, một người 1 tuổi – “chăm” nhau. Cả 3 lần xét nghiệm HIV, cu Long đều dương tính. Cả ngày bé chỉ được quanh quẩn trong nhà, vì bà không dám cho đi chơi xa. Lúc trái nắng trở trời, bà cũng không còn sức “quản” đứa cháu hiếu động, lanh lợi.

Rồi trại trẻ dành cho trẻ HIV/AIDS là bước ngoặt thứ ba trong đời Long. Ngày cô chú Long đưa Long lên trại, bà nội nước mắt lưng tròng. Đứa cháu tội nghiệp hôm ấy được đi chơi xa thích lắm,

nhưng nó đâu biết rằng, đó là con đường đẩy nó xa khỏi người thân, đến một nơi có những người tốt đang nuôi những đứa trẻ có hoàn cảnh như Long. Bác sĩ Hoàng Bảo Vân – chịu trách nhiệm chăm sóc y tế cho tất cả các trại viên và các cháu bé ở nhà trẻ đã rất cẩn thận, chọn một mẹ ở nhà trẻ mát tay đón Long, để hy vọng nuôi dạy nó được suôn sẻ. Trong nhà trẻ, bé Long có rất nhiều bạn ngang tuổi, chứ không phải như ở nhà suốt ngày lủi thủi và rất nhiều đồ chơi. Được một lúc, sực nhớ ra, Long mếu máo.

Trở lại trung tâm sau 1 tháng, tôi không còn nhận thấy sự linh lợi của một cậu bé 2 tuổi nữa. Gầy gò, ánh mắt lờ đờ và khuôn mặt rầu rĩ. Khi lũ trẻ chạy tới cửa ra vào, đón các cô chú sinh viên tình nguyện đến dạy học thì Long vẫn đứng tách ra ở phía sau, thẫn thờ.

Nhưng khi tôi gọi lại, bế Long lên tay thì bé ôm chặt lấy, không chịu rời. Hỏi cái gì, bé cũng lí nhí: “Bà, bà”. Chị Hằng – một trong những mẹ nuôi – kể lại, Long không chủ động tham gia các trò chơi, thích mẹ nào hơn thì chỉ rón rén đến ngồi cạnh, không dám đòi bế. Cu Long ở giữa những người cùng cảnh ngộ, nhưng dường như không vượt qua được cú sốc này, vẫn một mình bơ vơ…

Mẹ ơi, mẹ ở đâu?

Hơn 30 đứa trẻ nhiễm HIV đang được chăm sóc tại Trung tâm Giáo dục xã hội số 2 này, Long là thành viên mới nhất. Cháu Nguyễn Thị Thuỷ – 11 tuổi – là chị cả của nhà trẻ, cũng đã ở đây gần 3 năm. Quê ở Hải Dương, Thuỷ còn một em trai, nhưng cả hai đều không biết mặt bố. Hai mẹ con Thuỷ lên Hà Nội, trọ ở Nghĩa Tân và mẹ bán hàng thuê cho một quầy hoa quả.

Khi phát bệnh, tay chị Thảo lở loét, đầu óc lúc tỉnh lúc lẫn, hai mẹ con dắt nhau đi ăn xin. Rồi mẹ Thuỷ mất và người bác đưa Thuỷ lên trung tâm này. Thuỷ vẫn nói với “mẹ Hằng”: “Ở nhà trẻ với các mẹ và các em con chẳng thiếu thứ gì, nhưng vẫn thích ở với mẹ hơn”.

Giờ đây, Thuỷ cũng hiểu được HIV là gì, rằng em đã lây bệnh từ mẹ. Mẹ mất rồi, em cũng đã được cho đi làm con nuôi. Thuỷ bảo: “Cháu vẫn nhớ mặt mẹ. Ra mộ là cháu nhận ra ngay”. May mắn là Thuỷ vẫn rất lạc quan: “Bác sĩ bảo là năm 2010 sẽ có thuốc chữa khỏi bệnh. Nhưng dù lúc đó không có thuốc thì cháu cũng không giận mẹ đâu, vì có mẹ thì mới có cháu”.

Ở trung tâm, các cháu được ăn uống, thuốc thang điều trị đầy đủ. Nhưng trong những tâm hồn non nớt này vẫn khao khát được chở che của vòng tay gia đình. Cho dù trong những người thân của các cháu, không ít người đã vô tình mà quay đi trước những giọt nước mắt nức nở trẻ thơ.

Quang Duy

June 2 – AIDS communication

Behind the topic of HIV/AIDS language, there is a big issue of AIDS communication that interests me a great deal. I’m particularly concerned about some unique communication practices in the HIV/AIDS IEC programmes that can make amazing changes.

In a presentation at the XVI Int’l AIDS Conference (Toronto, Aug 2006), Warren Feek, the executive director of Communication Initiative cited 26 examples of successful practices. These are seminal “communication-centred programmes that have been implemented around the world in an attempt to change knowledge levels, attitudes, and – ultimately – behaviour toward the prevention of HIV/AIDS.”

In another excellent presentation made by David Wood of BBC World Service Trust, there is an example of a 3-year mass media campaign on HIV and MCH in Cambodia. The outputs of the project look very interesting to me! I know that BBC WTS is supporting a similar project, perhaps on a larger scale in Viet Nam. But I’m sure the approaches that they may apply will not be the same as the Cambodia project. I would like to learn how relevant (to Viet Nam’s context) and unique those approaches will be like…

May 31 – Brief reflection

As you may notice, between February and May, there was a really really really long pause in this blog’s thread. Occasionally, some friends came by and asked how my thesis was going, but I kept silent…

To be honest, Feb-May was the time that I worked extremely hard on my research. For three-fourths of the time, I was busy mostly with manually collecting data, analysing data, and assiduously reading English materials available on the Internet (taking into account the extreme scarcity of English reference books in Viet Nam!!!). I could not update the working progress as I had wanted to do since the beginning.

Believe it or not, it was not until May 12 that I actually started my writing, and I only had enough courage to talk to my supervisor about the final outline of the main chapter on May 18 (note that the deadline for submission was 7 DAYS after that!!!). Any situation in my life could never be crazier than those 7 last days…

I would have never wished to put myself into such an embarrassing and difficult situation, if I hadn’t had to change my thesis topic. My earlier keenness for “stigmatising language against PLWHAs” was huge enough, however, the data was not supportive to my expectation. I questioned myself, should I forget my “golden principle” of being unique in all circumstances? In that acute moment, an unexpected idea of “HIV/AIDS language” suddenly came up… EUREKA!!! Almost immediately, I played a “satellite game” with the giant Google to hunt out every relevant info. Then I harshly read though all materials and started writing! Luckily, my brain’s “library,” which has been enriched with… miscellaneous topics (my hobby! :D) for over the years was very helpful to me in such an urgent situation.

At that very moment, my beloved supervisor came in and offered her hand just in time. Without her helps and encouragements, I’m sure I wouldn’t have been able to finish my thesis by the deadline. @Ms. Thanh Binh, thank you more than I can say!

Due to the shortage of time and materials (especially materials about Content analysis), I had to move the methodology part to the first chapter, which also means, unfortunately, I was forced to apply the standard UNDERgraduate academic writing style. Honestly, I’m totally dissatisfied with the current structure of the thesis, but … well, it’s my own product anyway. I may re-arrange the structure when I have time…

Acknowledgements

I was indifferent when I was resting my hands on the keyboard. My mind was drifting somewhere else. It has usually happened in the same way whenever I free myself into deep reflection. There were so many people I would like to say thanks to. There were so many feelings … so many heartwarming pieces of memories…

To my beloved supervisor, Dr. Nguyen Thi Thanh Binh and my dear family, including my parents and my elder brother Hong Quang, I know I am much indebted to your painstaking cares and valuable supports. Especially Ms. Thanh Binh, thank you for your plentiful advice (that you often stated humbly “my comments”) and for sharing your special passion in cultural anthropology.

To Ms. Khuat Thu Hong, Ms. Khuat Thi Hai Oanh and other people at the Institute for Social Development Studies (ISDS), thank you for opening your arms to such an inexperienced learner as me. At the very beginning stage of my study, you introduced me to your great resource centre library. You have been an inspiration to me of how scientific research could contribute to social development in a practical way.

To my “super” great friends, namely Maybritt Jill Alpes, Truong Dinh An Lac, Davina Lai, Nguyen Thu Giang, Nguyen Viet Dung, Vern Weitzel, Tran Dinh Hoanh, Tran Le Tuy Phuong, Ha Van Thuy, Leseignoux Soazig, Elsa Salame, Richard Pooley, Duong Trong Nghia and other “Chung tay” like-minded friends, I was sincerely thankful to your generous supports to my research in many different ways. Besides, I have been profoundly inspired with your stories of passion and your interests in bringing changes.

My other heartfelt thank-you would be dedicated to professors at the Department of Linguistics (University of Social Sciences & Humanities of Ha Noi) and my friends at the K48 Linguistics Gifted Class. Without your unspoken but considerable encouragement, I might not have been able to pursue this study.

Last but not least, I was deeply grateful to a lot of recommendations and advice from members of the following e-mailing lists: HIV/AIDS Technical Working Group [hivaids-twg], Viet Nam Studies Group [VSG], Global Youth Coalition on HIV/AIDS [GYCA] and One Degree Asia [1oAsia]. Also, special thanks to Communication Initiative and Glocal Times for cultivating in me an eternal flame for communications for development!

I would like to say more; however, “words are but empty thanks.”

May 25, 2007

Yours sincerely,

Nguyen Hong Nhung (aka Romi)

Abstract

Ngòi bút vốn dữ dội hơn AIDS – Phải như vậy, nếu được phát huy tốt.
A pen is mightier than AIDS – or it should be, if used correctly.

Phuti Mogase (2004)

Friendship ribbon

AN INITIAL APPROACH TO STUDY
THE HIV/AIDS LANGUAGE IN VIETNAMESE PRINT MEDIA
(Based on the data of Tuoi Tre newspaper from Jun. 2000 to Jan. 2007)

In the context of a complex modern society challenged by the HIV epidemic, the role of information, education and communication (IEC) in HIV/AIDS prevention has risen markedly. The language used to convey the HIV/AIDS IEC messages, in other words, the HIV/AIDS language in the media is very powerful. In Viet Nam, this language is particularly prominent in print media. However, its significance has not yet been recognized.

Since the turning point of the year 2000, there have been a lot of changes in the HIV/AIDS IEC campaigns in Viet Nam. More positive messages about HIV/AIDS and other topics related have been found on newspapers. From that observation, we formulated 2 hypotheses for this study: First, after the year 2000, the HIV/AIDS language in Vietnamese print media has experienced some changes; Second, the tendency of these changes appears to be more and more positive, and the investigated time (from June 2000 to January 2007) must be a lively transition period.

The primary objective(s) of the study is to use the language data of Tuoi Tre’s articles to describe the development of the HIV/AIDS language in Vietnamese print media since 2000; And to acquire some initial understandings of the social, cultural and psychological context (that is unique to Viet Nam) behind the movement.

In order to attain the objectives, we applied the method of Content analysis, a defined “standard methodology in the social sciences on the subject of communication content” to qualitatively analyse the collected data. In addition, we used other linguistic analysis methods to scrutinize the details.

By examining specific language data of 412 HIV/AIDS – related articles which were selected from a collection of some over 1,800 Tuoi Tre issues (from June 2000 to January 2007), we oversaw 5 characteristics of the change in the HIV/AIDS language on Vietnamese newspapers: language with heavily medical content; language of “fear;” language of “moral revolt” (against “social evils”); language of “unbroken leaves cover broken ones” (or humanistic language); and lastly, positive language. Afterwards, we described the 5 characteristics in details. In the research, we claimed that these 5 content characteristics can best illustrate the transition period, which was earlier mentioned in the hypotheses. The description in the study highlighted a growing positive tendency. It inferred that the overarching context behind the development of HIV/AIDS language in Vietnamese print media has been closely moving along with this positive current.

The research has made some attempts to learn the most up-to-date development of a media language in Vietnamese. It’s the first to introduce HIV/AIDS language as a scientific terminology. It also paves the way for further in-depth investigations in various fields.

Where to find cheap printing places in Ha Noi?

Imagine I only had to pay 43,000VNĐ (~$3US) for a 400 one-side page copy of a Ph.D. dissertation with an adequate printing and paper quality. It was printed for my reading only, not for mass production (which seems to me rather illegal), so I think that’s fine, even super, super, super… fine :D Tempted?

The followings are some recommendations of cheap printing places in Ha Noi. I’m sure it’s very helpful to students, especially research students.

My top choice is the I-Copy Centre: very good price (100 – 200đ/A4 page, depending on the quality of papers), and the I-Copy people are very friendly. They have 2 shops:
1. 4B Chùa Láng St., Tel. (04) 775 5896 (here, they have an express service of making hard covers)
2. 342D Bà Triệu St., Tel. (04) 978 1036 (older than the Chùa Láng one, but the shop is a bit cramped)
Hotline: 0915 161 417
Email: icc_chualang@yahoo.com
I remember calling the Chùa Láng shop in the middle of one night, exactly the night before the deadline of my thesis (May 24). My friend PA warned me that I might need to order the cover 3 days in advance because it’s kinda peak time of graduation paper printing. GOSH!!! I hastily tried the I-copy numbers. Luckily, there was one guy picked up the phone. “Ok, you can email me your order now, and tomorrow morning, try to come early!” SUPERB!

My friends told me about some other places but I’ve never tried yet:
3. 474 Hoàng Hoa Thám Rd. (100 – 150VNĐ/page)
Tel: (04) 240 4542. Email: inchuyennghiep@gmail.com
4. A shop in Tây Sơn St. (?) (90VNĐ/page)
5. Chị Thanh: Tel. (04) 972 2499 or 0916 889 884 (80VNĐ/2-side page)

Good luck! ;)

References

Tài liệu tiếng Việt:

Ban Khoa giáo Trung ương, 2006. Triển khai thực hiện chỉ thị 54 – CT/TW của Ban bí thư TW Đảng khóa IX về tăng cường lãnh đạo công tác phòng, chống HIV/AIDS trong tình hình mới.

Ban Tư tưởng – Văn hóa Trung ương. Bộ Lao động, Thương binh và Xã hội, 2005. Công tác tư tưởng với việc phòng, chống tệ nạn xã hội.

Ban Tư tưởng – Văn hóa Trung ương, 2006. Hướng dẫn Công tác thông tin, giáo dục truyền thông nhằm xóa bỏ sự kỳ thị và phân biệt đối xử liên quan đến HIV/AIDS.

Cao Xuân Hạo, 2001. Tiếng Việt – Văn Việt – Người Việt, Nxb Trẻ.

Cao Xuân Hạo và Hoàng Dũng, 2006. Từ điển Thuật ngữ Ngôn ngữ học đối chiếu Anh – Việt Việt – Anh, Nxb KHXH.

Đinh Trọng Lạc và Nguyễn Thái Hòa, 1998. Phong cách học tiếng Việt, Nxb Giáo dục.

Đinh Trọng Lạc, 1999. 99 biện pháp tu từ tiếng Việt, Nxb Giáo dục.

Đức Dũng, 2006. Viết báo như thế nào, Nxb Văn hóa Thông tin.

Gustave Le Bon, 2006. Tâm lí học đám đông, Nguyễn Xuân Khánh dịch, Nxb Tri thức.

Khuất Thu Hồng, Nguyễn Thị Vân Anh và Jessica Ogden, 2004. Vì đây là căn bệnh thế kỷ -Tìm hiểu sự kỳ thị và phân biệt đối xử liên quan tới HIV & AIDS ở Việt Nam, Viện Nghiên cứu Phát triển Xã hội.

Nguyễn Văn Khang, 1999. Ngôn ngữ học xã hội Những vấn đề cơ bản, Nxb KHXH.

Nguyễn Văn Khang, 2004. ‘Xã hội học ngôn ngữ về giới kỳ thị và kế hoạch hóa ngôn ngữ chống kỳ thị đối với nữ giới trong sử dụng ngôn ngữ,’ trong tạp chí Xã hội học số 2 (84) – 2004.

Tommy J. Thompson, J.Stephen Morrison và Phillip Neiburg CSIS, 2006. HIV/AIDS tại Việt Nam – Báo cáo cuối cùng của Nhóm chuyên gia về HIV/AIDS thuộc trung tâm CSIS trong chuyến công tác tại Việt Nam từ 8 – 13/1/2006

Trần Hữu Quang, 2006. Xã hội học báo chí, Nxb Trẻ.

Trần Xuân Điệp, 2001. ‘Vấn đề kỳ thị giới tính trong ngôn ngữ trong mối quan hệ giữa ngôn ngữ và tư duy,’ trong tạp chí Ngôn ngữ số 6 – 2001.

Trần Xuân Điệp, 2002. ‘Sự kỳ thị giới tính trong những cách biểu đạt mang tính định kiến về giới nhìn từ góc độ lịch sử,’ trong tạp chí Ngôn ngữ số 3 – 2002.

Trần Xuân Điệp, 2002. ‘Khoảng trống từ vựng – một biểu hiện của sự kỳ thị giới tính trong ngôn ngữ,’ trong tạp chí Ngôn ngữ số 11 – 2002.

Trần Xuân Điệp, 2003. ‘Sự kỳ thị giới tính trong ngôn ngữ qua những danh hiệu và những từ tôn xưng,’ trong tạp chí Ngôn ngữ số 7 – 2003.

Trịnh Quân Huấn và các tác giả, 2002. Truyền thông thay đổi hành vi phòng lây nhiễm HIV/AIDS, Bộ Y tế. http://www.vaac.gov.vn/view/vn/books/TTTDHV.pdf

Trung tâm thông tin – giáo dục sức khỏe tp. HCM và UNICEF Việt Nam, 1994. Nhiễm HIV/AIDS – Thông tin dành cho báo chí.

Viện Ngôn ngữ học, 2003. Từ điển tiếng Việt 2003, Nxb Đà Nẵng.

Vũ Đức Nghiệu, 2003. ‘Cơ sở từ vựng học và từ vựng tiếng Việt,’ trong Cơ sở ngôn ngữ học và tiếng Việt, Mai Ngọc Chừ và các tác giả, Nxb Giáo dục.

Vũ Quang Hào, 2001. Ngôn ngữ báo chí, Nxb ĐHQG Hà Nội.

Vũ Thế Thường, 2006. ‘Nỗi đau tinh thần của người phụ nữ có chồng, con nghiện ma túy,’ trong tạp chí Tâm lý học số 7 (88), 7 – 2006.

Tài liệu tiếng Anh:

Brandt, Allan M., 1988. ‘AIDS: From Social History to Social Policy,’ trong AIDS The Burdens of History do E.Fee và D.M.Fox chủ biên. University of California Press. c1988. http://content.cdlib.org/view?docId=ft7t1nb59n&chunk.id=d0e2375

Crewe, Marie, 1999. AIDS, Activism and the Role of Universities. http://www.csa.za.org/filemanager/fileview/30/

Entwistle, Stephen, 2003. The language of HIV/AIDS, AIDS Calgary. http://www.aidscalgary.org/pdf/21_Language.pdf

Epstein, Steven, 1996. Impure science: AIDS, activism and the politics of knowledge. University of California Press. http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft1s20045x/

Fox, Daniel M. and Karp, Diane R., ‘Infectious Disease in the Visual Arts,’ trong AIDS: The Burdens of History do E. Fee và D. Fox chủ biên. University of California Press. c1988. http://content.cdlib.org/view?docId=ft7t1nb59n&chunk.id=d0e2775

Fromkin, Victoria; Rodman, Robert and Hyams, Nina, 2003. ‘Language in Society’, trong An introduction to language, Wadsworth, Thompson.

Hoang Tu Anh, Dinh Thu Phuong, Nguyen Thu Huong, Bui Thanh Tu, 2002. Assessing the Vietnam situation: HIV/AIDS communication in context, Consultation of Investment in Health Promotion. http://www.comminit.com/pdf/Vietnam_HUV_AIDS_Communication_in_Context.pdf

International Federation of Journalists (IFJ), 2006. IFJ research findings on reporting HIV/AIDS in 6 countries in Africa and Asia. http://www.ifj.org/pdfs/IFJ%20HIV%20RESEARCH%20REPORT.pdf

Mathebe, Lucky M. , 2005. The story of an immune deficiency disease and its representation in the South African print media (1981–2000), University of South Africa. http://etd.unisa.ac.za/ETD-db/ETD-desc/describe?urn=etd-11182005-073339

Mogase, Phuti, 2004. ‘AIDS language and literacy – Striving for a win-win situation with the AIDS language in South Africa,’ trong Journal of SAAWG. http://www.ifuw.org/southafrica/index.htm

The Panos Institute, London, 2005. Reporting AIDS – An analysis of media environments in Southern Africa. http://www.panos.org.uk/resources/reportdetails.asp?id=1073&null=1001&

POLICY Project Cambodia, 2006. HIV/AIDS Media Guide. http://www.policyproject.com/pubs/manuals/CAM_MediaGuide.pdf

Sancharika Samuha, National Center for AIDS and STD Control, the POLICY Project/Nepal, 2004. Media review: Analysis of Reporting on HIV/AIDS in Nepal. http://www.policyproject.com/pubs/countryreports/NEP_MediaReview_HIV.pdf

Stevenson, Karen, 1993. AIDS and the irresponsible ‘Other.’ http://www.staffs.ac.uk/personal/humanities_and_soc_sciences/ks3/chapter2.htm

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Treichler, Paula A., 1989. How to have theory in an epidemic: Cultural chronicles of AIDS, Duke University Press 1999. http://books.google.com/books?id=bz4Oea6819sC&dq=AIDS,+Homophobia,+and+Biomedical+Discourse&psp=1

UNAIDS, The Kaiser Family, 2004. The media and HIV/AIDS: Making a difference. http://www.kff.org/hivaids/loader.cfm?url=/commonspot/security/getfile.cfm&PageID=29879

UNAIDS, 2006. AIDS Epidemic Update Dec. 2006. http://data.unaids.org/pub/EpiReport/2006/2006_EpiUpdate_en.pdf

UNDP, ?. UNDP HIV-language related policy.

UNESCO, 2006. UNESCO Guidelines on Language and Content in HIV and AIDS related materials. http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001447/144725e.pdf

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World Association of Newspapers, ZenithOptimedia, 2006. World Press Trends 2006.

Table of contents

Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1. An overview
1.1.1. General context
1.1.2. The HIV/AIDS Information, Education, Communication (IEC)
1.1.3. An approach to the topic
1.2. Objectives, hypotheses and values of the research
1.2.1. Objectives
1.2.2. Hypotheses
1.2.3. Values
1.3. Methodology
1.3.1. Methodology content
1.3.2. Steps in the research process
1.3.3. General analysis
1.4. Structure of the thesis

Chapter 2: THE HIV/AIDS LANGUAGE AND REPORTS ON HIV/AIDS
2.1. The HIV/AIDS language
2.1.1. Some basic concepts of the terminology
2.1.2. Some properties of the HIV/AIDS language (from sociolinguistic perspective)
2.2. Reports on HIV/AIDS
2.2.1. The roles and responsibilities of the media in HIV/AIDS prevention
2.2.2. Media and the HIV epidemic.

Chapter 3: THE HIV/AIDS LANGUAGE IN VIETNAMESE PRINT MEDIA
3.1. The HIV/AIDS language in print media
3.2. The characteristics
3.2.1. Language with heavily medical content
3.2.2. Language of “fear”
3.2.3. Language of “moral revolt” (against “social evils”)
3.2.4. Language of “unbroken leaves cover the broken ones” (or humanistic language)
3.2.5. Positive language
3.3. Comments

CONCLUSIONS

(Main content: 70 pages in total)

————————————————————————-

Chương 1: DẪN NHẬP
1.1. Giới thiệu chung
1.1.1. Bối cảnh khách quan
1.1.2. Công tác thông tin, giáo dục, truyền thông (TT-GD-TT) về HIV/AIDS
1.1.3. Tiếp cận vấn đề
1.2. Mục đích, giả thiết và ý nghĩa nghiên cứu
1.2.1. Mục đích nghiên cứu
1.2.2. Giả thiết nghiên cứu
1.2.3. Ý nghĩa nghiên cứu
1.3. Phương pháp nghiên cứu
1.3.1. Tóm tắt nội dung phương pháp
1.3.2. Các bước tiến hành
1.3.3. Nhận xét tổng quát
1.4. Kết cấu khóa luận

Chương 2: KHÁI QUÁT VỀ NGÔN NGỮ HIV/AIDS VÀ BÁO CHÍ VIẾT VỀ NGÔN NGỮ HIV/AIDS
2.1. Ngôn ngữ HIV/AIDS
2.1.1. Khái niệm cơ bản về thuật ngữ
2.1.2. Một số tính chất của ngôn ngữ HIV/AIDS
(dưới góc độ ngôn ngữ học xã hội)
2.2. Báo chí về HIV/AIDS
2.2.1. Vai trò và nhiệm vụ của báo chí truyền thông
trong công tác phòng, chống HIV/AIDS
2.2.2. Báo chí truyền thông với đại dịch HIV

Chương 3: NGÔN NGỮ HIV/AIDS TRÊN BÁO CHÍ TIẾNG VIỆT
3.1. Ngôn ngữ HIV/AIDS trên báo chí
3.2. Các đặc điểm
3.2.1. Ngôn ngữ mang nặng nội dung y tế
3.2.2. Ngôn ngữ “sợ”
3.2.3. Ngôn ngữ “đấu tranh đạo đức” (chống lại “tệ nạn xã hội”)
3.2.4. Ngôn ngữ “lá lành đùm lá rách” (hay ngôn ngữ nhân đạo)
3.2.5. Ngôn ngữ tích cực
3.3. Nhận xét

THAY LỜI KẾT

[A] An Unjust Stigma on ‘Positive Thinkers’

I wrote this article specially for World AIDS Day 2005 and for chi Duong Anh Xuan, an old friend of mine. By that time, the TV series Tomorrow is yours and mine was still struggling with some “real hardship” getting approvals to be shown to the public. That’s why I did not have any chance to see the film until June 2006, exactly half a year after my article was published on TIG. The story that Xuan shared with me over the phone on that night, I remember it was around 12 p.m., was really touching and inspiring. Xuan inspired me a great deal with her love and compassion for PLWHAs. I had kept that inspiration only for myself until July 2006, when I was invited to One Degree Asia (Singapore). I brought a copy of the film to 1oAsia and shared the sixth episode on HIV and AIDS with other “degrees of change” in my “Youth-oriented media campaigns” workshop. One of the attendees told me she actually cried at the scene Xuan holding the little girl’s hand…

Do you miss your mom?

Be Thuy was listening to Xuan – “Do you miss your mom?” Oh, look at her eyes…

For World AIDS Day 2005

“She acted so well, though I bet she must have tried her best to clean her hands after that handshake show with that HIV-positive kid!” Xuan’s voice over the phone suddenly became harsh as she quoted a ‘miserable utterance’ of someone at the introductory screening of the Millennium Development Goals TV series “Tomorrow is yours and mine.”

“I was extremely outraged at the comment. In fact, I was not acting but honestly being myself, and more importantly, I love that little girl. There is no reason to be feared of her and other people living with HIV!”

Duong Anh Xuan, who also participated in the “@ citizens” documentary for young people in 2003, was selected among dozens of potential applicants to be the leading character of the “Tomorrow is yours and mine” TV series, a production directed by well – known Vietnamese film director Pham Hoang Nam and produced by the United Nations in Viet Nam.

The series consisting of eight episodes, is an itinerary of a young probationary journalist on her expedition across the country to ‘learn life’ and to find new themes for her articles. When talking to local people along the way about their concerns and interviewing some famous persons, Xuan found out that poverty, universal education, gender equity, infant mortality, maternal health, HIV/AIDS, environment and international cooperation for development were critical issues that affect people’s lives.

“I treasure the lessons I’ve learnt from all the people I met, especially those living with HIV and AIDS. I admire them for what they have gone through, their special will and their extraordinary courage to show up and to share their stories with the public. Putting myself into their shoes, I wouldn’t be able to do so…” said the probationary correspondent, opening her heart.

In the episode on HIV/AIDS, the film crew stopped at Nha Trang, a famous coastal city in the south of Viet Nam. Although Nha Trang is not among the five cities with the highest HIV prevalence in the country, like other tourist attractions, with the expansion of tourism, this beautiful city faces a challenge of the HIV epidemic. Through investigations before and during the filming, Xuan learnt that there is a brighter picture of the beach city, with a considerable contribution of the large awareness raising movement and the effective peer-to-peer education in Nha Trang. She met some of the most active peer-educators, played with HIV-positive kids, and talked to them, “without a slight discrimination and just like friend to friend.”

It is no longer difficult to find ‘positive thinkers’ who treat HIV and AIDS patients as equally as others like Xuan in the society, however, there still exists blind discrimination against this vulnerable group, and even against the ‘progressive thinkers.’ It is the duty of these ‘progressives’ to combat irrational stigmas towards them, along with the fight against wrong stereotypes of the HIV patients. In fact, many of them have done well.

Mai Thao, an ‘unusual person’ who gave up her high salary position in an international company to work for a non-governmental organization’s community-development projects, recalled her college boyfriend’s annoyance when he first knew she volunteered her free time at the Tam Binh Children’s Care Centre. “There are other things for you to do than to look after the HIV children. What happens if a scratch on your skin touches their oozing wound? I’m worried about you playing with those kids.” Mai Thao soon helped him realize that there was nothing to worry about regarding her or the innocent children. It was simply love that bonded them together. After that, Mai Thao’s boyfriend joined her in every weekend visit to the orphanage.

‘Positive thinkers’ such as Mai Thao and Anh Xuan have inspired a lot of people to change their negative attitudes by sharing views, giving examples, showing people what they have done, and involving them into activities and interactions with the HIV infected. These positive thinkers understand anyone can be ‘progressive’ if he or she is persistently clear that fighting AIDS means fighting the virus and not the human.

Anticipation is high for the official launch of the Millennium Development Goals TV series “Tomorrow is yours and mine,” of which the sixth episode on HIV/AIDS presents the guest appearance of Jackie Chan. Chan, a ‘progressive’ as defined above and a UNICEF/UNAIDS Goodwill Ambassador came to Viet Nam in April 2005 with the message, “put an end to discrimination and stigma towards children and families living and affected by HIV and AIDS”

(C) Romi – TakingITGlobal
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Kỳ thị “người tích cực”

(bản dịch tiếng Việt hơi trúc trắc, mong mọi người thông cảm! Thực ra khi viết bài báo này tôi có ý định chơi chữ với “positive.” Ai học tiếng Anh cũng hiểu “positive” có 2 nghĩa: vừa để chỉ tình trạng dương tính (dấu hiệu có bệnh) đặc biệt đối với những bệnh do virút gây ra, bây giờ trong tiếng Anh, chỉ cần nói “he is positive” là người ta hiểu ngay là HIV-positive; vừa để nói đến tính chất tích cực của một người hoặc một sự việc nào đó – điều này có liên hệ đến mấy thứ Âm dương ngũ hành mà hầu hết mọi người chắc đã từng nghe qua…)

Cho ngày Thế giới phòng chống AIDS 2005

“…Diễn viên nghiệp dư mà khá! Chắc phải cố gắng lắm, nhất là sau cái bắt tay với đứa bé nhiễm HIV kia. Liệu sau đó có phải chạy ngay ra máy nước rửa tay không nhỉ? – có người bình luận về tôi thế đấy!” Giọng Xuân chợt trở nên gay gắt khi cô nhắc lại lời nói vô ý của một vị quan chức nào đó có mặt trong buổi trình chiếu ra mắt bộ phim “Ngày mai cho bạn và cho tôi.” “Lúc ấy tôi tức nghẹn, không nói được lời nào. Không có gì “diễn” ở đây cả. Tôi yêu quý cô bé. Tiếp xúc với cô bé cũng như những người có H khác chẳng có gì phải sợ hết!”

Vượt qua hàng chục ứng viên, Dương Anh Xuân, cô sinh viên từng tham gia phim tài liệu “Những công dân @” năm 2003 (kịch bản Phan Huyền Thư) đã được chọn làm nhân vật chính cho sê-ri phóng sự truyền hình “Ngày mai cho bạn và cho tôi,” một dự án truyền thông của văn phòng Liên Hợp Quốc tại Việt Nam. Phóng sự do đạo diễn Phạm Hoàng Nam thực hiện.

Bộ phim 8 tập đặc biệt này là nhật ký hành trình của một nữ nhà báo tập sự trên chuyến đi thực tế dọc đất nước quan sát cuộc sống và tìm kiếm những đề tài viết mới. Qua những lời tâm sự, những lần chuyện trò với người dân dọc chuyến hành trình, Xuân nhận thấy các vấn đề về xóa đói giảm nghèo, về giáo dục, vấn đề bình đẳng giới, sức khỏe bà mẹ, trẻ em, những mối quan tâm về HIV/AIDS, bảo vệ môi trường và việc xây dựng các quan hệ quốc tế vì mục tiêu phát triển là các chủ đề “nóng bỏng” hơn cả. Đó là những vấn đề thực tế có quan hệ trực tiếp tới cuộc sống của bất cứ người nào.

Nữ nhà báo trẻ tâm sự: “Tôi trân trọng những bài học tôi nhận được từ tất cả những người mà tôi đã gặp, đặc biệt là những người bạn có H. Tôi khâm phục họ vì những gì họ đã trải qua, vì ý chí, nghị lực tuyệt vời và vì sự can đảm tuyệt vời. Vượt qua mọi mặc cảm, họ đã đứng lên, xuất hiện trước ống kính và dư luận để chia sẻ và tâm sự những câu chuyện của mình. Nếu là tôi, có lẽ tôi không đủ dũng cảm để làm điều đó…”

Trong tập phim về chủ đề HIV/AIDS, đoàn làm phim dừng lại ở Nha Trang, thành phố biển nổi tiếng miền Nam Trung Bộ. Nha Trang tuy không phải là một trong năm thành phố có tỉ lệ người nhiễm HIV cao nhất Việt Nam, nhưng cũng như các điểm du lịch khác, thành phố xinh đẹp này đang phải đối mặt với dịch HIV. Nhưng thực tế trong quá trình làm phim lại giúp Xuân nhận ra một hình ảnh tươi sáng khác của thành phố biển Nha Trang. Ở đó có chiến dịch truyền thông nâng cao nhận thức cộng đồng, có chương trình giáo dục đồng đẳng thanh thiếu niên diễn ra đặc biệt sôi nổi. Cô gặp gỡ một số đồng đẳng viên tích cực nhất và chơi với em bé có H mà “không có chút kỳ thị nào, chỉ đơn giản là bạn!”

Xã hội bây giờ không hiếm những “người tích cực” như Xuân – họ luôn coi người có H bình đẳng như mọi người khác. Nhưng đáng buồn thay, hiện nay vẫn còn tồn tại những kỳ thị vô lý trong xã hội. Có sự kỳ thị đối với người sống chung với HIV và AIDS. Có sự kỳ thị đối với những “người tích cực.” Do đó, nhiệm vụ của chính những “người tích cực” này là phải đấu tranh chống mọi sự kỳ thị và xóa bỏ mọi kỳ thị, định kiến. Trên thực tế, nhiều người đã làm tốt được điều đó.

“Cô gái kỳ quặc” Mai Thảo là người đã từ chối làm việc cho một công ty nước ngoài để đổi lấy vị trí điều phối dự án phát triển cộng đồng cho một tổ chức phi chính chủ (NGO). Thảo nhớ lại kỉ niệm người bạn trai ban đầu đã rất giận khi biết tin cô tình nguyện đến Trung tâm Trẻ em Tam Bình để chăm sóc trẻ có H. “Có hàng trăm thứ để làm hơn là đi trông nom mấy đứa bé bị nhiễm HIV. Điều gì sẽ xảy ra nếu chỗ xây sước trên tay Thảo vô tình chạm vào chỗ rỉ máu của bọn chúng?” Thế nhưng Mai Thảo đã làm được điều kì diệu. Cô đã giúp anh sớm hiểu rằng không có gì phải lo lắng cho cô lẫn những đứa trẻ thiên thần kia. Chính tình thương mến đã kéo mọi người xích lại gần nhau. Người bạn trai sau đó cũng rất nhiệt tình tham gia tình nguyện cùng cô…

Những “người tích cực” như Mai Thảo và Anh Xuân đã gieo hạt giống tâm hồn cho rất nhiều người. Suy nghĩ và hành động của họ khiến người khác phải nhìn lại mình mà thay đổi thái độ. Kì diệu nhất là họ đã “lôi kéo” được những người vốn thờ ơ tham gia vào các hoạt động và tiếp xúc trực tiếp với những người có H. Những “cá nhân tích cực” này luôn tâm niệm: Ai cũng có thể trở thành “người tiến bộ” nếu họ luôn hiểu rằng đấu tranh phòng chống HIV/AIDS là chống lại vi-rút (HIV) chứ không phải chống lại con người!

Khán giả trẻ đang mong đợi sự ra mắt chính thức của 8 tập phóng sự truyền hình về các Mục tiêu Phát triển Thiên niên kỷ, “Ngày mai cho bạn và cho tôi.” Đặc biệt ở tập 6 về chủ đề HIV/AIDS, có sự góp mặt của ngôi sao điện ảnh Thành Long, một “người tích cực.” Diễn viên Thành Long sang thăm Việt Nam vào tháng 4 năm 2005 với tư cách là Đại sứ thiện chí của UNICEF/UNAIDS. Anh mang tới thông điệp “Cần chấm dứt các kỳ thị và định kiến đối với trẻ em, các cá nhân và gia đình bị ảnh hưởng bởi HIV/AIDS.”

[A] Is there another “Apartheid”?

(Republish an article I wrote for TIG in May 2005)

I was staggered to hear my favourite newsreader had committed suicide because of “it”. Two days later, I read from the Tien Phong newspaper a tragic story about “its” other victim. These two recent sad news made me worried about “its” alarming, undeniable spreading. I fear for the fact that without appropriate education to people to eliminate “it”, there will be more tragedies, more sufferers and even more suicides.

I sincerely do not mean to remind people, especially South Africans, of the grievous past but personally, I consider “it” another new Apartheid which is occurring worldwide. Many people may not aware of “it”; or, some may insist on their consciousness but when facing reality, they surrender and let “it” control them. Is there such a master, the “HIV-related stigma and discrimination?”

Story 1:

I still remember, about two months ago, my friends and I were chattering in class: “How I love her beautiful voice!” “I am more interested in the Newscast because of her, and I don’t want to miss any news she reads.” “You know what, she was a talented student at school!” “Her Russian accent is very nice too!” But now, we no longer can see her on TV nor listen to that gentle voice once again. She has gone forever.

No one knows exactly when she knew she was HIV-positive but it must have been really hard for her to accept the bitter fact that she was secondarily infected. How could a faithful woman like her expect to receive the virus from her husband? However smart she used to be, she naturally sank into despair. With a broken heart, the horror of HIV/AIDS happened to her and the fear if people knew about it, unfortunately, my beloved newsreader could not overcome her situation. She chose death to put an end to her misery, without knowing that there were still some other ways out.

Story 2:

This time two years ago, Pham Ngoc Manh, a farmer in Ninh Binh, a province in the North of Vietnam was enjoying a normal life, laborious but happy, together with his small family. Now he is living “in exile” in Ho Chi Minh city, the biggest centre of the South, to get by with different work as a mason helper, a porter or a bike-guard; he is tasting nostalgia, self-pity and indignation alone.

“It was a month after I became a labourer in Malaysia, then suddenly, I was sent back to Vietnam. The director of the Lasec Labour Exporting Company threw a ‘writ’ at me: You are HIV-positive; we have to terminate your contract. I was deadly shocked. Bitterly, in fact, I am not infected with HIV. Because of the unjust “fame” they imposed on me, I had to leave my village and my family in despair,” said Manh tearfully.

I do not know how Manh tested positive in Malaysia, but three tests in three different famous hospitals in Vietnam already proved that he is very healthy. The desire of a dignified labourer to renew life now turns to an extreme depression because of the irresponsibility of the Lasec Company and the irrational discrimination of his villagers. He received only half of the 22 million VND he borrowed from a bank to invest on the Malaysia trip as a reimbursement from that company, and 44 USD that he was paid for his first and only month working abroad. Very few people believed his word and rumours about him were so strong that Manh helplessly fled to the South.

Within two stories above, two real examples have been revealed. My newsreader and Manh are poor victims of the “HIV-related stigma and discrimination.” One suddenly closed the last chapter of her life in a miserable ending, while the other, not even living with HIV, is now more dead than alive. Manh confessed that no less than ten times, he had a thought to revenge life by breaking out all rules and trying “something as bad as possible”. He felt extremely hurt every time he remembered his six-year-old son sobbing: “Papa, my friends turn against me…”

Apparently, stigma and discrimination associated with HIV/AIDS vary from person to person and from place to place. However, we must precisely define it as a global threat which is merely caused by poor knowledge and the lack of appropriate information. In fact, some social investigations have shown that very few people are conscious enough of the menaces caused by the “HIV-related stigma and discrimination”. Hence, in propaganda and education, it is essential to balance information of the HIV/AIDS danger and a full warning against the stigma and discrimination.

To conclude, let’s open the booklet “Living in a world with HIV and AIDS: information for employees of the UN system and their families” published by UNAIDS in July 2004: “Stigma and discrimination threaten all of us. If we are HIV-positive, we may decide not to access care, treatment or counseling services or other entitlements for fear of being ostracized. It may also affect psychological and social stress and sometimes causing us to be depressed. For those of us who are HIV-negative, stigma and discrimination may affect our ability to protect ourselves and our families from HIV transmission by discouraging us from seeking information, prevention services, or HIV testing… HIV-related stigma and discrimination violate fundamental human rights, such as the right to be free from discrimination, the right to privacy, the right to health, and the right to information and education.” Together, we will abolish this disguised “Apartheid”!

(c) Romi – TakingITGlobal

[A] Vietnam Expands Protection for People with HIV

by Richard Knox

February 5, 2007 · Vietnam is embarking on a campaign to end discrimination against people with AIDS and HIV. A new law will give new rights and protections to people with HIV, and the country is expanding the number of people getting treatment for AIDS.

About 6,500 people currently are receiving antiretroviral drugs. That’s about one-quarter of the 25,000 Vietnamese that are estimated to need AIDS treatment now. About 300,000 people are thought to be infected with HIV out of a total population of 84 million.

The goal is to get the drugs to everybody who needs them within the next two years. Most of the funds come from PEPFAR – the President’s Emergency Program for AIDS Relief. This year, the United States is expected to pump about $60 million into Vietnam, the only Asian country to get PEPFAR money.

AIDS treatment is beginning to make a difference. It’s visible at the Mai Hoa AIDS Center in Cu Chi, about an hour’s drive from downtown Ho Chi Minh City.

Tourists visit Cu Chi to see the tunnels dug by the Viet Cong during the “American War,” as the Vietnamese call it. The Mai Hoa AIDS Center is a garden-like sanctuary down the road from the tunnel entrance. It’s run by a diminutive, quiet-spoken Roman Catholic nun, Sister Tue Linh.

“We serve AIDS patients who have no home and no family to live with,” she says. “In many cases, they were rejected by their families. Before they came here, many didn’t even live like human beings.”

Because of that stigma, it wasn’t easy to establish the Mai Hoa AIDS Center. One province rejected Sister Tue Linh’s plan. Then she got the land in Cu Chi.

“But the local authorities didn’t want us because they feared that HIV was related to drug users,” she says. “The former Prime Minister told the authorities this land was our land. He said, ‘We defeated the French, we defeated the Americans, so why should we fear AIDS?’ That’s how we came into being.”

Dr. Eric Krakauer of Harvard Medical School says when he first met Sister Tue Linh five years ago, her center was a place where homeless people with AIDS came to die.

“They had a special room, or a couple of special rooms, set aside that were referred to as ‘screaming rooms’ &mdash— a place where patients who were in extreme distress were taken so as not to upset the other patients,” Krakauer says.

Now that the Mai Hoa AIDS Center provides treatment, hardly anyone dies there. But its patients are still rejected by their families and communities.

“If you’re a member of a family in which there’s someone with AIDS, your kids might have trouble going to school,” Krakauer says. “You might have had difficulty selling your vegetables in the market. People sometimes stayed away out of fear, not only from people who had HIV infection but also from their family members.”

Vietnam officials aim to stamp out that stigma. Last year, experts warned them that the country could see a million new HIV infections over the next few years, if it didn’t take strong action.

That galvanized the National Assembly, which passed a comprehensive new law on AIDS and HIV. The law went into effect Jan.1. It’s one of the strongest pieces of AIDS legislation in the world.

Krakauer paged through the statute recently.

“This is quite good,” he says, pointing to one provision. “Under ‘Prohibited Acts’ (it says) ‘Refusing to provide medical examination or treatment to a patient for knowing or suspecting that such person is infected with HIV.’ That’s a stronger prohibition against refusing to provide care than exists in Western countries.”

Under the law, relatives, neighbors and friends are expected to support and are for people with HIV. But the law goes beyond just telling people not to reject those with AIDS.

“This is really important &mdash— ‘not allowed to terminate job contract of an employee or cause difficulties to this person in his or her work on the ground that such person is infected with HIV,’ Krakauer adds about another section of the law. “That’s really powerful.”

The law also promotes methadone treatment for drug addicts to prevent them from spreading HIV through dirty needles. It’s a tremendous change in the attitude toward drug users in Vietnam. The nation has long taken a more punitive approach toward illicit drug use, calling it a “social evil” and putting drug users in detention centers.

In most places, social change isn’t as easy as passing a law. But in Vietnam, from the National Assembly down to the local commune, village and hamlet, society is highly organized. So when government wants things to change, it often is able to make it happen.

And as more people get treatment for AIDS, attitudes change and the disease becomes less fearsome.

At the Mai Hoa AIDS Center, most of the orphans are already on treatment.

One 4-year-old girl, when given a shiny trinket from America, immediately runs outdoors with it, straight to a glass case containing row on row of ceramic urns. Each one contains the ashes of someone who died here.

The little girl stands on tiptoe to show the trinket to a photo on one particular urn. It’s a picture of a young woman with long dark hair, staring soberly at the camera.

“It’s my mother,” the little girl says through a translator.

Sister Tue Linh tells the girl’s story. “When she first came here, she had no name, so we named her Nguyen Ngoc To-Vi.”

Her mother, Nguyen Thi Xuan-Em, owned a coffee shop. She got infected with HIV from her boyfriend, the nun says, and the little girl got the virus during childbirth. Mother and daughter came to Mai Hoa in April. Two months later, the 25-year-old mother was dead.

Back in her office, Sister Tue Linh says her AIDS orphans are doing well with treatment. But they still aren’t welcome at the local school, so a teacher comes to Mai Hoa.

Sister Tue Linh hopes the new law will change people’s attitudes toward AIDS.

“In the past, when we mention HIV/AIDS, it meant drug users and prostitution and it’s evil. And so people fear it,” she says. “But now maybe people will change their way of thinking and separate AIDS from other evils.”

Until that happens, though, she’s worried that the people being treated at her center will have no place to go when they get better. So she’s planning a new venture: a little community of people with HIV next door to the treatment center.

It will be a place, she says, where her orphans can grow up, get married, and grow their own vegetables.

Jan. 26 – A turning point

Turning point

INCREDIBLE!!! Even in my dreams, i would never imagine there’s such an opportunity for me! ISDS invited me to join in an excellent project which looks very beneficial for my thesis, and the possible follow-up activities. Actually, it’s part of “HIV/AIDS & TB in the media“, a media analysis project in 12 countries led by Panos, an international Com4Dev network of institutes.

…A groundbreaking research project launched by Panos will look at the way HIV/AIDS and TB issues are portrayed by leading newspapers around the globe. Our analysis of the media in 12 diverse countries – including Haiti, Jamaica, Kenya, Mozambique, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, the United Kingdom, the United States, Uganda, Vietnam, and Zimbabwe – will be published to coincide with the G8 meeting in June 2007. The study will provide detailed and rigorous country-level research that will feed into a global comparative analysis.

Given the vital role the media can play in sharing information and influencing public opinion on HIV/AIDS and TB, there have been few studies specifically looking at the amount and quality of reporting; investigating whether, for example, newspapers use stigmatising language or whether people actually living with HIV/AIDS are included in articles…

In the first meeting with chi O., anh T. (of ISDS) this morning, we have agreed on some important points of the first step – collecting data for the quantitative analysis. We will look into 4 newspapers, i.e. Nhan dan, Tuoi tre, An ninh the gioi and Phu nu Viet Nam, in an 8-month period, from Nov. 2005 to Jun. 2006, “a sufficient period to allow us to analyse change over time and encompass significant events in world media coverage such as World AIDS Day and the recent UNGASS review meeting in NY.”

For my part, i’ll try to finish examining the 3 latter (all printed!) within Feb. Hic this year, there are only 28 days in Feb, and we must minus one week for Tet! What a tough job!

But…

*^^* I’M SO MOTIVATED & EXCITED! *^^*

Really looking forward to working with the ISDS people!

[A] When mother is infected, child is banned from school!(Tuoi tre)

Thứ Ba, 23/01/2007, 05:12 (GMT+7)

Mẹ nhiễm HIV/AIDS, con không được đi học!

TT – Chuyện trẻ nhiễm HIV/AIDS bị nhà trường từ chối đã từng bị dư luận lên tiếng, nhưng giờ đây ngay cả những đứa trẻ không nhiễm HIV/AIDS cũng chịu cảnh thất học chỉ vì sự nghi ngờ của người lớn.

Xác nhận âm tính cũng phải nghỉ học

Chúng tôi gặp chị M. khi chị dắt cậu con trai 5 tuổi tên K. đến nhóm tham vấn Xuân Vinh (Q.1, TP.HCM) lĩnh tiền trợ cấp. Vừa gợi đến chuyện học hành của K. thì chị bỗng òa khóc.

Mấy tháng trước, K. được mẹ gửi vào Trường mầm non tư thục Ấu Thơ (phường Trung Mỹ Tây, Q.12), nhưng mới hơn tháng đã phải nghỉ học. Bà mẹ mếu máo: “Tôi bị chứ thằng nhỏ đâu có gì”. Cô Nguyễn Thị Thủy, hiệu trưởng Trường Ấu Thơ, giải thích: bé K. học gần một tháng rưỡi thì có một số phụ huynh yêu cầu “giải quyết” K. vì họ tin rằng “ba má nó bị sida, chắc nó cũng vậy”.

Dưới áp lực của nhiều phụ huynh, cô Thủy đã gợi ý chị M. đưa giấy chứng minh bé không nhiễm HIV. Nhưng khi có giấy xét nghiệm âm tính của K., nhiều người vẫn cứ khăng khăng “lỡ giấy giả thì sao, chứ ba má nhiễm sao thằng con không nhiễm”.

Nhiều người làm áp lực với nhà trường bằng cách cho con thôi học. Quá hốt hoảng, cô Thủy bèn mời chị M. đến nói chuyện và bé K. đành phải nghỉ học. Cô Thủy ray rứt: “Tôi thật sự chẳng biết làm sao cho phải. Tôi yêu nghề dạy trẻ nhưng không muốn ngồi nhìn đứa con tinh thần của mình bị phá sản”.

Cũng như trường hợp bé K., ở phường Bình Trưng Đông (Q.2, TP.HCM) có bé T. mới 5 tuổi đời đã phải chịu cảnh thất học hơn hai năm chỉ vì nghi ngờ bị “sida”. Mẹ bé T. là chị H. đã nộp cho trường giấy kết quả xét nghiệm HIV âm tính của bé. Để sớm giải tỏa áp lực, nhà trường dán giấy trên lên bảng thông báo nhưng phụ huynh phản ứng mạnh hơn, kết quả là bé T. phải nghỉ học.

Khi đã hết cách, cô hiệu trưởng Bùi Thị Hùng bèn gửi bé T. đến Trường mầm non Sen Hồng với hi vọng trường mới ở xa hơn sẽ không ai biết hoàn cảnh của bé nhưng dư luận vẫn không buông tha, bé T. đành phải nghỉ học.

Chừng nào bé được đến trường?

Cả hai bà mẹ M. và H. đều dưới 30 tuổi và đều nhiễm HIV/AIDS từ chồng mình. Chị M. quê Quảng Bình vào TP.HCM làm thuê, lập gia đình ít lâu mới biết chồng mình nghiện heroin.

Chị phải đi bán vé số, bưng bê, phụ hồ để nuôi chồng con. Con mới đầy tháng thì cũng là lúc người ta thấy xác chồng chị trôi trên sông.

Chồng chết, mỗi ngày chị đi bán vé số và gửi con vào trường mầm non, nhưng giờ thì bé K. lại tiếp tục rong ruổi kiếm sống cùng mẹ.

Chị M. ứa nước mắt: “Thằng bé cứ hỏi sao không cho nó học nữa. Thân tôi dốt nên mới khổ, chứ cháu tội tình gì mà mới chừng ấy tuổi phải khổ như tôi!”.

Còn chị H., chuyện chồng chị chết do HIV/AIDS bị tiết lộ ra ngoài nên sau này bé T. dù không nhiễm cũng bị vạ lây. Chị H. cho biết còn gửi bé đến nhiều nhóm trẻ, nhưng chỉ được 1-2 ngày là phải nghỉ.

Hai năm trước, chị tham gia một nhóm giáo dục đồng đẳng HIV/AIDS… Đang phải điều trị lao phổi trên giường bệnh, bà mẹ trẻ nặng trĩu tâm tư, trong đó có nỗi lo con trai thất học. Chị bộc bạch: “Nó cứ đòi đi học vì ở trường có nhiều bạn, nhiều đồ chơi, con nít xóm này ít chơi với nó”.

Theo cô Hùng, nhiều năm qua Trường mầm non Bình Trưng Đông đã âm thầm nhận dạy một số bé nhiễm HIV, có bé nay đã vào tiểu học. Cô chia sẻ: “Nhà trường có 250 bé, tôi rất buồn khi không vượt qua được áp lực của phụ huynh để giữ lại bé T.”.

Nhưng chẳng lẽ hễ cứ bị phụ huynh nghi ngờ thì đứa trẻ xấu số đó phải chịu cảnh thất học? Khi nào những đứa trẻ đáng thương này được đến trường?

THÁI BÌNH

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Luật sư Đoàn Thị Phụng, phụ trách văn phòng tư vấn và trợ giúp pháp lý về HIV/AIDS, khẳng định: “Gây áp lực buộc trẻ xét nghiệm HIV, từ chối nhận trẻ nhiễm hay không nhiễm vào học cũng đều vi phạm pháp luật”.

Luật phòng chống HIV/AIDS nghiêm cấm: kỳ thị, phân biệt đối xử với người nhiễm HIV; đưa tin bịa đặt về nhiễm HIV đối với người không nhiễm HIV; bắt buộc người khác xét nghiệm HIV hoặc trình kết quả xét nghiệm HIV; từ chối tiếp nhận người nhiễm HIV vào học; kỷ luật, đuổi học HS-SV vì lý do nhiễm HIV…

Jan. 19 – :)

After the “bombardment“, I’m now overwhelmed with joy and… emails :))) A lot of suggestions and offers! Some even asked me to send them the paper as soon as i finish it. This blog gets busier with visitors too. Words seem to be powerless here… Thank you very much, my online friends!

In an email responding to one of these friends, I made some clarifications:

Actually I’m interested in the language guidelines for Bahasa Indonesia and other languages. All media guides for English use especially those produced by the UN agencies are quite similar – that’s why they are ‘united’ ;) …

Apparently, the standardised English terminology of HIV/AIDS has a strong influence on other languages. But each language actually has its own life. There are terms only used within a certain speaking community. They may have a lot of characteristics that you cannot find in other languages. Among these distinctions, there are positive and negative elements, there are stigmatising and non-stigmatising expressions. Taking my native language for example, in Vietnamese, we accept both SIDA (French) and AIDS (English) words when talking about the syndrome. However, because of some special reasons, SIDA is now considered very negative, while AIDS is somehow more neutral and official…

In my study, I’d like to take an insightful look at the language phenomena that are marked as signs of stigma and discrimination against PLWH (People living with HIV and AIDS). These expressions might not be realized by the speaker(s) as stigmatising, but they are actually very hurtful, humiliating, and even poisonous. Language has a great power, but we should never use this power to ostracize people, especially those are living with HIV and AIDS.

Thank you for your interests!

A great weekend to all! :)

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