EVALUATION ON LIGHTING CONDITION AND VISUAL LEGIBILITY OF ROAD SURFACES AND TRAFFIC SIGNS IN BANDUNG CITY
Rizki Armanto1, F.X. Nugroho Soelami2 and R.M. Soegijanto3
1, 2, ,3Department of Engineering Physics, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, INDONESIA
1armanto@tf.itb.ac.id , 2nugroho@tf.itb.ac.id , 3soegi@tf.itb.ac.id
ABSTRACT: As the capital city of West Java Province, Bandung has been growing fast nowadays, which increases the number of road users, during day and nighttime. In order to assure road users can drive safely at nighttime, good visual condition of the road surfaces and their traffic sign is required.
The main objective of this research is to evaluate lighting condition and visual legibility in some roadways in Bandung, by determining average luminance, overall uniformity, longitudinal uniformity, and luminance coefficient of road surfaces and traffic signs, and comparing with the minimum criteria. Software was used to simulate the lighting condition of the roadways and to optimize the lighting parameters. Laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate visual legibility of some common traffic signs, based on luminance contrast of the traffic signs’ material.
Generally, lighting parameters of the observed roadways had not fulfilled the minimum standard recommended by the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America. Concrete surface was also found more reflective (average luminance coefficient of 0.05 cd/m2/lux) than asphalt one (0.04 cd/m2/lux). Laboratory results show that most traffic signs in Bandung were made of advertising grade material, whose average luminance contrast values ranged from 2.33 to 2.85, which were still below the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials M.268-77 standard which states traffic signs at least must be made of engineering grade material.
INTRODUCTION
As the capital city of West Java Province, Bandung has been growing fast nowadays, which increases the number of road users throughout the day. In order to assure road users can drive their vehicles safely at nighttime, good visual condition of the road surfaces and their traffic signs is required.
Human eyes tend to be attracted with bright objects in visual field. The legibility of an object does not only depends on variation of condition and physical appearance of the object, but also depends on the environment where the object is located. The distance between the object and observers (vehicle drivers), is also need to be considered.
Visual performance of road surface is determined by evaluating its average surface luminanceLav (light intensity from a specific surface per projected surface area viewed from a certain angle, in cd/m2), overall uniformity U0 (minimum luminance per average luminance), longitudinal uniformity U1 (minimum luminance per maximum luminance over a specific line) [Simons, 2000], and luminance coefficient q (luminance per illuminance at a specific point, in cd/m2/lux). Those parameters are influenced by many factors, particularly the surface material type and distribution of light coming from the road luminaires. For the case of traffic signs, legibility is determined by evaluating luminance contrast between the object and its background, and also field luminance where the object is actually located.
The main objective of this research is to evaluate lighting condition and visual legibility at nighttime in some roadways in Bandung, i.e. Ir. H. Juanda, Pasir Kaliki, Wastu Kencana, and BKR Streets, by determining the above mentioned parameters of the road surfaces and traffic signs, and comparing with the minimum criteria. Laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate visual legibility of some common traffic signs material, i.e. advertising grade, engineering grade, high intensity grade, and diamond grade, based on luminance contrast of the traffic signs’ materials. Field measurements were conducted as well to determine luminance contrast of some traffic signs which exist in some locations in Bandung.
CONCLUSION
Generally, lighting parameters of the observed roadways have not fulfilled minimum standard recommended by the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America. From the software simulation, it was found that the parameters, particularly the uniformity, could be improved by decreasing distance between adjacent luminaire poles. Concrete surface was also found more reflective (qav = 0.05 cd/m2/lux) than asphalt one (qav = 0.04 cd/m2/lux).
Laboratory experiments results show that diamond grade material had the highest value (C = 9.00), while advertising grade material had the lowest one (C = 2.33~2.85). Field measurements were also conducted, whose results showed that most traffic signs in Bandung were made of advertising grade type, which were still below AASHTO M.268-77 standard which requires traffic signs at least must be made of engineering grade material. However, installment of billboards near traffic signs in roadways should be avoided, for it may create visual pollution which greatly reduces the visual legibility of the traffic signs.
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