Tag: book-reviews

Key Themes

1. Trauma and Healing: The novel explores the long-lasting impact of war and personal loss on the characters, particularly Joe Keneally and other veterans. It delves into the psychological struggles of PTSD and the importance of seeking help and reconciliation.
2. Religion and Spirituality: Religion plays a significant role in shaping the characters’ decisions and moral conflicts. ​ The story contrasts traditional Christian beliefs with Indigenous spirituality, highlighting the tension between rigid faith and fluid cultural understanding. ​
3. Family and Secrets: The narrative is deeply rooted in family dynamics, with secrets and hidden truths shaping the characters’ lives. ​ Joe’s discovery of his mother’s survival and her tragic end is a pivotal moment that drives the story forward.
4. The Cost of War: The novel portrays the devastating effects of war, not only on the battlefield but also in the lives of veterans and their families. ​ It emphasises the need for societal support and understanding for those who have served. ​

Takeaways

• The novel emphasises the importance of addressing trauma and seeking healing, both individually and as a society. ​
• It highlights the complexities of faith and spirituality, particularly in the context of cultural identity and personal struggles. ​
• The story underscores the need for transparency and support in family relationships, as secrets can have long-lasting consequences. ​
• It serves as a powerful reminder of the human cost of war and the need for ongoing support for veterans.

Joe’s Secrecy at Inspector Cotter’s Final ‘Wrap Up’

Joe chose not to tell Cotter what he knew of the killings, because revealing the full truth would likely have caused more harm than good. He understood the complexity of the situation and the interconnectedness of the people involved, including their motives and vulnerabilities. ​ By exposing everything, Joe risked implicating himself, his family, and others he cared about, such as Ken and Dot, in a web of criminal activity and personal vendettas.

Joe also recognised that the justice system might not be able to handle the nuanced moral and emotional dimensions of the events. He likely believed that the official narrative, as shaped by Cotter and the investigation, was sufficient to close the case and protect those who mattered to him. ​ Ultimately, Joe prioritised the safety and well-being of his loved ones over the pursuit of absolute truth, knowing that the consequences of full disclosure could be devastating for everyone involved. ​

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Here is a breakdown of who killed whom in Making Shadows:

Chen Lee: Killed by Dino/Scotty at the orders of the Mafia (Ndrangheta). Dino used his knife skills to execute the murder, and the excision of the ear was likely a message, signature or a harrowing vestige from his time in Vietnam.

Linh Nguyen: Killed by Ken/Superman by mistake. Ken, suffering from PTSD and flashbacks from Vietnam, mistook her for a threat and acted on instinct, believing she was carrying explosives.

Randolph Saxe-Coburg (Essie): Killed by Ken/Superman out of revenge for his affair with Viktor and his role in the drug trafficking operation that exploited Ken.

Viktor Karlikov (Boris): Killed by Steve Watson (Wotto). Wotto, deeply affected by his trauma and drug addiction, sought revenge against Viktor for his role in exploiting young children in Vietnam and for his involvement in the drug trade. Wotto’s actions were driven by his personal vendetta and his own fractured mental state, rather than any direct orders from the Mafia. This adds another layer of complexity to the narrative, as the Mafia’s influence, and Norm’s entanglement with them, create a shadowy backdrop to the events, but it is the personal motives of the characters that ultimately drive the murders. ​

Dino/Scotty: Killed by Joe, who drove the truck that ran him down outside The Sicilian. Joe acted to protect his family and ensure their safety, believing Dino posed a threat to them. ​

Alice (Joe’s mother): Almost in the background to the early run of the story, it is likely that Alice tampered with the old gas heater, to make sure her mother Iris, while asleep on the sofa, surrendered her hold on her troubled daughter’s life, as well as handing over ownership of the family house in Day Street. Many years later, as Alice poked around Callan Park asylum looking for her lost baby son, she would confide to Wotto, the gardener, that she killed her mother.

Each murder was driven by personal motives, trauma, or external pressures, creating a tangled web of violence and revenge that Joe ultimately chose not to fully reveal to the authorities.

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Chief Inspector Harold Cotter plays a pivotal role in the serial murder investigation, steering it toward a resolution that aligns with his priorities and the broader interests of law enforcement. His interactions with the investigative team, including Senior Sergeant Rex Baker, Dr Felicity Le Guin, Dr Gregory Hopgood, and Joe Keneally, reveal his pragmatic approach to solving the case and managing its public narrative.

Key Interactions and Influence on the Investigation:

1. Cotter’s Leadership:
   • Cotter is a no-nonsense veteran cop who commands respect and ensures the investigation stays focused. ​ He is determined to wrap up the case efficiently and avoid unnecessary complications.
   • He is open to input from his team but ultimately makes the final decisions, balancing the need for justice with the practicalities of law enforcement.
2. Cotter’s Collaboration with the Mafia:
   • Cotter secretly collaborates with Don Giuseppe Roccella, the Mafia boss, to control the narrative surrounding the murders. This collaboration ensures that the Mafia’s involvement in the killings and drug trafficking is not exposed, protecting their interests while allowing Cotter to close the case.
   • Cotter’s decision to censor Norman Lindsay’s exclusive story about the murders demonstrates his willingness to compromise for the sake of maintaining order and avoiding further chaos.
3. Cotter’s Handling of Evidence:
   • Cotter is meticulous in piecing together the evidence, but he is also pragmatic in how he interprets it. For example, he accepts that Ken Campbell did not kill Viktor Karlikov but interfered with the crime scene out of grief and love. ​
   • He uses the evidence found at The Sicilian—the knife and the box of ears—to build a case against Dino/Scotty, effectively pinning the murders on him and closing the investigation.
4. Cotter’s Pragmatism:
   • Cotter’s approach to the investigation is shaped by his understanding of the limits of the justice system and the need to maintain public order. He chooses to focus on the most plausible narrative that ties the murders to organised crime, rather than delving into the deeper, more complex truths that Joe knows. ​
   • By wrapping up the case with Dino as the primary suspect, Cotter avoids implicating others, including Joe, in the tangled web of revenge and trauma.

Influence on the Investigation:

Cotter’s pragmatic approach ensures the case is resolved in a way that satisfies public demand for justice while protecting the integrity of the police force and avoiding further exposure of the Mafia’s operations. His collaboration with Roccella and his decision to censor Norman Lindsay’s story highlight his focus on maintaining control over the narrative and preventing further chaos. ​ However, this approach also leaves many truths unspoken, allowing Joe and others to keep their secrets and avoid further fallout from the investigation. ​

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Joe undergoes significant personal changes throughout the story, shaped by his experiences in Vietnam, his family tragedies, and his relationships. ​His journey is one of grappling with trauma, loss, and identity, ultimately leading to self-discovery and healing. ​

Key Personal Changes:

1. Confronting Trauma:
   • Joe’s time in Vietnam leaves him deeply scarred, both physically and emotionally. ​ He struggles with PTSD, flashbacks, and the stigma of being a veteran. ​ His experiences in the war, including witnessing death and committing acts of violence, haunt him throughout the story. ​
   • Being a clinical psychologist himself, he still seeks therapy with Dr. ​ Hopgood, using his own experiences to help others navigate their mental health challenges.
2. Family Loss and Secrets:
   • Joe’s life is marked by the loss of his father, Frank, in a car accident, and later, the revelation that his mother, Alice, had been alive in an asylum for decades. This discovery forces Joe to confront the secrets his family kept from him and reconcile with the truth about his mother’s mental illness and tragic life.
   • He buries his mother’s ashes at St. Patrick’s Cemetery, symbolising his acceptance of her story and his attempt to find closure.
3. Overcoming Addiction:
   • Joe struggles with an addiction to Oxycodone, which he uses to manage the chronic pain (specifically real and fantom pain) from his foot and leg. With the help of Dr. ​ Hopgood and his own determination, he eventually overcomes his dependency, marking a significant step in his personal growth. ​
4. Reconnecting with Family:
   • Joe’s relationship with his sister Dot deepens as they support each other through their respective challenges. He also grows closer to his wife Margot and their two sons, Richie and Connor, finding strength and purpose in his family. ​
   • He becomes a more present and loving father, particularly as he helps Connor navigate his health issues and protects his family from external threats.
5. Finding Peace and Purpose:
   • By the end of the story, Joe has found a sense of peace and purpose. ​ He participates in the Welcome Home Parade for Vietnam veterans, symbolising his reconciliation with his past and his acceptance of his identity as a veteran.
   • He also embraces the spirituality of the Dreamtime stories, finding meaning in the interconnectedness of life, death, and the land. ​

Summary:

Joe’s personal changes reflect his journey from a traumatised and conflicted veteran to a man who has found healing, purpose, and connection. ​ His experiences with war, family, addiction, and loss shape his understanding of himself and the world, allowing him to grow into a more empathetic and resilient person. ​

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Science fiction, fantasy, and mainstream literature play a significant role in Making Shadows, serving as a thematic and symbolic device to explore the characters’ inner worlds, their struggles, and their attempts to make sense of their experiences. These elements are woven throughout the narrative, providing insight into the characters’ psyches and offering a lens through which they process their trauma, identity, and relationships. ​

Key Uses of Science Fiction, Fantasy and Mainstream Literature:

1. Exploration of Trauma and Identity:
   1. Science fiction, particularly the works of authors like Philip K. Dick, Michael Moorcock, and J.G. ​ Ballard, is used to reflect the characters’ fractured mental states and their struggles with identity and reality. For example, Ken Campbell (Superman) is deeply influenced by science fiction, and his obsession with the genre mirrors his own disconnection from reality and his search for meaning in a chaotic world. ​
   1. The recurring references to Moorcock’s Elric Saga and Bester’s Fondly Fahrenheit and The Stars My Destinationhighlight themes of duality, moral ambiguity, and the struggle to reconcile one’s actions with one’s identity—key issues for many of the characters, especially Joe and Ken. ​
2. Symbolism and Parallels:
   1. The science fiction stories often serve as allegories for the characters’ lives. For instance, The Man in the High Castleby Philip K. Dick, which imagines an alternate reality, parallels the characters’ longing for a different world where their traumas and losses might not exist. ​Similarly, Moorcock’s exploration of paradoxes in the multiverse reflects the characters’ struggles with the contradictions in their lives. ​
   1. The recurring image of the Rainbow Serpent from Aboriginal Dreamtime stories is another literary motif that symbolises creation, destruction, and the cyclical nature of life. ​ It resonates with the characters’ experiences of war, peace, and personal transformation. ​
3. Coping Mechanism:
   1. Literature, particularly science fiction, acts as a coping mechanism for characters like Ken and Joe. Ken’s obsession with science fiction reflects his attempt to escape the harsh realities of his life and find solace in imagined worlds.
   1. Wotto’s scorebook, filled with poetry and cryptic writings, becomes a way for him to process his trauma and express his inner turmoil.
4. Connection and Shared Humanity:
   1. Literature serves as a bridge between characters, fostering connection and understanding. ​ For example, Joe and Ken bond over their shared love of science fiction, and Dot and Tom connect through their shared passion for music and literature. These shared interests help the characters navigate their relationships and find common ground despite their differences. ​
5. Commentary on War and Peace:
   1. The novel uses literature to comment on the nature of war and peace, often blurring the lines between the two. ​ The characters’ references to science fiction and poetry highlight the absurdity, tragedy, and moral ambiguity of war, as well as the challenges of finding peace in its aftermath.

Summary:

Science fiction, fantasy and mainstream literature in Making Shadows are not just hobbies or interests for the characters—they are integral to the narrative, serving as tools for self-reflection, coping, and connection. They provide a means to explore complex themes like trauma, identity, morality, and the human condition, enriching the story and deepening the reader’s understanding of the characters’ struggles and growth.

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In Making Shadows, religion and Dreamtime stories interact in complex ways, reflecting the characters’ struggles with faith, identity, and spirituality. The novel juxtaposes traditional Western religious beliefs, particularly Christianity, with the Indigenous Dreamtime stories, creating a rich tapestry of contrasting worldviews. This interaction serves to highlight the tension between imposed beliefs and cultural heritage, while also exploring themes of reconciliation, spirituality, and the search for meaning.

Key Interactions Between Religion and Dreamtime Stories:

1. Conflict Between Worldviews:
   • The novel portrays the tension between Christianity, introduced by colonial forces, and the Indigenous Dreamtime stories, which represent the spiritual and cultural heritage of Australia’s First Nations people. This conflict is particularly evident in the experiences of Bindi, an Aboriginal girl employed at the Yorks’ mission. The Yorks impose their Christian beliefs on her, viewing her pregnancy as a sin and seeking forgiveness through prayer, while Bindi herself feels disconnected from the Christian faith and her own cultural roots. ​
   • The Dreamtime stories, with their cyclical view of time and interconnectedness of life, contrast sharply with the linear and moralistic framework of Christianity. This tension underscores the broader theme of cultural displacement and the erasure of Indigenous identity. ​
2. Rejection of Religion:
   • Several characters grapple with their relationship to Christianity, often rejecting it in favour of other forms of spirituality or personal belief systems. ​ For example, Joe’s grandmother, Winn, turns away from religion after the death of her son, Frank, declaring that God has turned His back on her. ​ Her rejection of faith reflects the disillusionment and bitterness that many characters feel toward organised religion. ​
   • Joe himself moves away from traditional religious beliefs, finding solace and meaning in the Dreamtime stories. ​ He reflects on their cyclical and inclusive nature, which resonates with his own experiences of trauma, loss, and healing. ​
3. Dreamtime Stories as a Source of Healing:

3. The Dreamtime stories provide a spiritual framework for understanding life, death, and the interconnectedness of all things. ​ For Joe, they offer a way to reconcile his experiences and find peace. ​ He reflects on the Rainbow Serpent as a symbol of creation and destruction, seeing parallels between the Dreamtime and his own life journey. ​
4. Dot, as an Aboriginal woman, embodies the connection to Dreamtime stories and uses them as a source of strength and identity. ​ Her work in improving healthcare for Indigenous communities is deeply rooted in her cultural heritage, and she honours the Dreamtime in her personal and professional life. ​
5. Reconciliation of Beliefs:
   • The novel suggests that religion and Dreamtime stories can coexist, offering different perspectives on spirituality and the human experience. While Christianity is often portrayed as rigid and imposed, the Dreamtime stories are fluid and inclusive, allowing for a deeper connection to the land and the cycles of life.
   • Joe’s reflections on the Dreamtime stories and his rejection of traditional religious beliefs highlight his journey toward a more personal and holistic spirituality, one that embraces the interconnectedness of all things.

Summary:

The interaction between religion and Dreamtime stories in Making Shadows reflects the broader cultural and spiritual tensions in Australia’s history. ​ While Christianity is often associated with colonialism and imposed beliefs, the Dreamtime stories represent a connection to the land, identity, and healing. ​ The novel ultimately suggests that spirituality is a deeply personal journey, and for characters like Joe and Dot, the Dreamtime stories offer a path to reconciliation, understanding, and peace. ​

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The cemetery in Making Shadows plays a profound symbolic and narrative role, serving as a place of reflection, reconciliation, and connection to the past. ​ It is a recurring setting where characters confront their grief, uncover truths, and grapple with their identities. ​ The cemetery acts as a physical and emotional space where the themes of death, memory, and spirituality are explored. ​

Key Roles of the Cemetery:

1. A Place of Reflection and Grief:
   • The cemetery is where Joe, Dot, and other characters visit to reflect on their losses and confront their emotions. ​ For Joe, the family plot at St Patrick’s Cemetery becomes a site of deep introspection, where he processes the deaths of his mother Alice, his father Frank, and his grandmother Winn. These visits allow him to reconcile his feelings of guilt, anger, and sorrow.
   • The headstones, with their inscriptions like “Gone too soon” and “Until we meet again,” serve as reminders of the fragility of life and the enduring connection between the living and the dead.
2. Uncovering Truths:
   • The cemetery is central to the revelation of hidden family secrets. Joe’s discovery that his mother Alice had been alive for decades in Callan Park Hospital, despite being presumed dead, is a pivotal moment. ​ The cemetery, with its deceptive inscriptions, symbolises the layers of truth and lies that have shaped Joe’s understanding of his family. ​
   • When Joe buries his mother’s ashes in the family plot, it becomes an act of closure and reconciliation, as he finally lays her to rest in the place where she belongs.
3. Connection to Spirituality:
   • The cemetery is a space where Joe reflects on spirituality and the interconnectedness of life and death. ​ He contrasts the rigid beliefs of Christianity with the fluidity of Dreamtime stories, finding solace in the Indigenous worldview that sees the past, present, and future as intertwined. ​
   • The cemetery becomes a metaphorical “spirit place,” where Joe contemplates the cyclical nature of life and the enduring presence of those who have passed. ​
4. Symbol of Legacy and Identity:
   • The cemetery represents the legacy of the Keneally family and their struggles with identity, loss, and belonging. ​ It is a physical marker of their history, holding the stories of multiple generations. ​ For Dot, the cemetery also symbolises the erasure of her Indigenous heritage, as her mother Bindi’s story is absent from the family plot. ​
   • Joe’s act of burying his mother’s ashes in the cemetery is a reclaiming of her place in the family’s legacy, acknowledging her life and struggles.
5. A Space for Reconciliation:
   • The cemetery serves as a space for reconciliation, both within the family and within Joe’s own psyche. ​ By burying his mother’s ashes, Joe symbolically forgives his father and grandmother for keeping the truth from him, and he begins to heal from the trauma of his past.
   • The cemetery also represents the possibility of reconciling different spiritual and cultural beliefs, as Joe reflects on the Dreamtime stories and their connection to the land and the cycles of life. ​

Summary:

The cemetery in Making Shadows is more than a physical location—it is a powerful symbol of memory, loss, and reconciliation. It provides a space for characters to confront their grief, uncover hidden truths, and connect with their spiritual and cultural identities. Through its recurring presence, the cemetery underscores the novel’s themes of healing, legacy, and the enduring impact of the past on the present.

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Dr. Hopgood and Steve Watson are significant characters in Making Shadows as they serve as pivotal figures in Joe’s journey of healing and self-discovery. Both characters play unique roles in addressing the themes of trauma, redemption, and the search for meaning, while also providing critical support to Joe and other characters as they navigate their struggles.

Dr. Gregory Hopgood ​

1. A Guide to Healing:
   • Dr. Hopgood is a psychiatrist specialising in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and he serves as a mentor and support system for Joe. ​ As Joe struggles with his own trauma from Vietnam and his personal losses, Hopgood provides professional guidance and helps Joe confront his inner demons.
   • Hopgood’s expertise in PTSD is crucial in helping Joe understand the psychological impact of war, not only on himself but also on other veterans like Ken Campbell. ​ His presence reinforces the importance of seeking help and the value of therapy in the healing process. ​
2. A Mirror to Joe’s Role:
   • Hopgood’s role as a psychiatrist mirrors Joe’s own work as a clinical psychologist. Both are healers, but Hopgood’s experience and wisdom provide Joe with a model for how to navigate his own challenges while helping others. Their professional relationship evolves into a friendship, and Hopgood becomes a trusted confidant for Joe.
3. A Voice of Reason:
   • Hopgood often acts as a voice of reason, offering a grounded perspective on the chaos and trauma that permeates the lives of the characters. His insights during the murder investigation and his support for Joe’s decisions highlight his role as a stabilising force in the story.

Steve Watson (Wotto) ​

1. A Symbol of Innocence and Corruption:
   • Steve Watson, known as Wotto, represents both innocence and the corruption of war. ​ As the “dust-off man” in Vietnam, he was a hero who saved lives and cared for the “dust of life” children. ​ However, his experiences in the war and his exposure to drugs and violence led to his own downfall, as he became addicted to heroin and struggled with mental health issues.
   • Wotto’s descent into addiction and madness reflects the devastating impact of war on individuals, even those who were once symbols of hope and heroism. ​
2. A Connection to Joe’s Past:
   • Wotto is a key figure in Joe’s past, and their shared experiences in Vietnam create a bond that persists throughout the story. Their interactions at Callan Park and during their cricket games provide Joe with a sense of connection and nostalgia, even as Wotto’s mental state deteriorates.
   • Wotto’s poetry and fragmented thoughts offer insight into the lingering effects of trauma and the ways in which individuals try to make sense of their experiences. ​ His scorebook, filled with cryptic writings, serves as a window into his fractured psyche and the chaos of his inner world. ​
3. A Reflection of the Novel’s Themes:
   • Wotto embodies many of the novel’s central themes, including the cyclical nature of life and death, the search for meaning, and the impact of war on the human spirit.
4. A Tragic Figure:
   • Wotto’s tragic descent into mental illness underscores the novel’s exploration of the long-term consequences of war and the failure of society to adequately support its veterans. ​ His mental deterioration is a poignant reminder of the cost of war, not just in terms of lives lost on the battlefield, but also in the lives shattered afterward. ​

Significance in the Story

• Dr. Hopgood represents the possibility of healing and redemption, offering professional and emotional support to Joe and other characters. He is a stabilising force and a guide, helping Joe navigate his trauma and make sense of his experiences.
• Steve Watson represents the human cost of war, embodying both the heroism and the tragedy of those who served. His presence in the story serves as a reminder of the lingering effects of trauma and the importance of connection and understanding in the healing process. ​

Summary

Dr. Hopgood and Steve Watson are crucial to the narrative of Making Shadows. Hopgood provides professional guidance and emotional support, while Watson represents the human toll of war and the struggle to find meaning in the aftermath. Together, they help illuminate the novel’s themes of trauma, healing, and the enduring impact of war on individuals and their relationships.

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Religion plays a significant role in shaping the decisions, identities, and moral struggles of the characters in Making Shadows. ​It serves as both a guiding force and a source of conflict, influencing their actions, relationships, and understanding of life and death. ​ The novel explores the tension between traditional Christian beliefs and Indigenous spirituality, highlighting how religion can both provide solace and create inner turmoil.

Impact of Religion on the Characters’ Decisions ​

Joe Keneally

1. Struggle with Catholic Guilt:
   • Joe’s upbringing in a Catholic household instils a deep sense of guilt and moral conflict, which influences many of his decisions. ​ He wrestles with the teachings of the Church, particularly the idea of forgiveness and redemption, as he tries to reconcile his traumatic experiences in Vietnam and the secrets surrounding his family.
   • His reflections on religion often lead him to question its rigidity and its ability to address the complexities of human suffering. ​ He contrasts the Christian worldview with the Indigenous Dreamtime stories, which offer a more fluid and interconnected understanding of life, death, and spirituality.
2. Forgiveness and Reconciliation:
   • Joe’s decision to bury his mother’s ashes in the family plot at St Patrick’s Cemetery is deeply tied to his religious upbringing. The act symbolises forgiveness and reconciliation, not only with his mother but also with his father and grandmother, who kept the truth about her hidden from him. ​

Dot Keneally

1. Conflict Between Christianity and Indigenous Spirituality:
   • Dot’s experiences with religion are shaped by her upbringing in a Christian mission and her connection to her Indigenous heritage. ​ The teachings of Reverend York and Mrs. York instil a sense of sin and forgiveness, but they also alienate her from her cultural roots.
   • Dot’s decision to embrace her Indigenous identity and advocate for the health and well-being of First Nations communities reflects her rejection of the oppressive aspects of Christianity and her desire to honour her heritage.
2. Moral Dilemmas:
   • Dot’s decisions, particularly regarding her relationships with Norm and Tom, are influenced by her internal conflict between her Christian values and her personal desires. Her struggle to reconcile her feelings for Tom with her commitment to Norm highlights the tension between religious teachings and human emotions.

Frank Keneally

1. Faith as a Source of Strength:
   • Frank’s Catholic faith provides him with a sense of purpose and strength, particularly during his time as a POW in Changi and in the aftermath of Alice’s breakdown. His belief in forgiveness and divine guidance shapes his decisions, including his choice to keep Alice’s survival a secret from Joe and Dot. ​
   • Frank’s faith also influences his relationship with Joe, as he tries to instil Christian values in his son, even as he struggles with his own doubts and guilt.

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The Stolen Generation is mentioned in Making Shadows through the experiences of Dorothy (Dot) Keneally and the broader context of Indigenous history in Australia. The novel touches on the forced removal of Aboriginal children from their families, highlighting the cultural and personal loss associated with this dark chapter in Australian history. ​

Key Mentions of the Stolen Generation ​

1. Dot’s Background

• Dot’s early life is tied to the legacy of the Stolen Generation. ​ She was born to an Aboriginal mother, Bindi, who worked at a mission run by Reverend Samuel York and his wife Elizabeth. ​ When Bindi died during childbirth, Dot was taken in by the Yorks, who later arranged for her adoption by the Keneally family.
• The Yorks’ decision to remove Dot from her Aboriginal community reflects the practices of the Stolen Generation, where Indigenous children were often placed with white families or institutions under the belief that it was “for their own good.” ​

2. Cultural Disconnection

• Dot’s adoption into a white family led to a loss of connection with her Indigenous heritage. ​ She grows up unaware of her cultural roots and struggles with her identity, feeling disconnected from her Aboriginal heritage. ​
• This mirrors the experiences of many children from the Stolen Generation, who were separated from their families and communities, leading to a loss of cultural knowledge and identity. ​

3. Advocacy for Indigenous Health ​

• As an adult, Dot becomes a passionate advocate for improving health services for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities. ​ Her work in establishing dental and medical clinics in remote areas of the Northern Territory reflects her commitment to addressing the systemic inequalities faced by Indigenous Australians. ​
• Dot’s efforts can be seen as a response to the generational trauma caused by the Stolen Generation, as she works to restore dignity and access to care for her people.

4. Historical Context

• The novel acknowledges the broader history of the Stolen Generation, including the forced removal of Indigenous children by government authorities and missions. ​ It highlights the devastating impact this had on families and communities, as well as the ongoing effects of intergenerational trauma. ​

Themes Related to the Stolen Generation ​

• Loss of Identity: Dot’s journey reflects the struggle to reclaim a sense of self and cultural belonging after being removed from her biological family. ​
• Reconciliation: The novel emphasises the importance of acknowledging past injustices and working toward healing and reconciliation. ​
• Advocacy and Empowerment: Dot’s work in Indigenous health services symbolises the resilience and strength of those affected by the Stolen Generation, as they strive to rebuild their communities. ​

Conclusion

The mention of the Stolen Generation in Making Shadows serves as a poignant reminder of the historical injustices faced by Indigenous Australians. ​ Through Dot’s story, the novel explores themes of identity, loss, and the enduring impact of these policies, while also highlighting the importance of advocacy and healing.

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The reappearance of Aunty Kirra is significant as it serves as a narrative bridge that connects Dot and Joe to their true heritage and identity, while also shedding light on the hidden truths of their family history. Her role as a wet nurse early in Dot’s life and her later revelation to Tom about their biological father underscores themes of identity, cultural connection, and the impact of the Stolen Generation.

Significance of Aunty Kirra’s Reappearance

1. Revealing the Truth About Dot and Joe’s Father

• Aunty Kirra’s revelation to Tom about Dot and Joe’s true father is a pivotal moment in the story. ​ It uncovers the hidden lineage of the siblings, connecting them to their biological father, an auburn-haired water expert from Sydney who had a relationship with Bindi during her time at the mission. ​
• This revelation provides closure to the mystery surrounding Dot’s origins and allows her to reclaim a part of her identity that had been obscured by her adoption into the Keneally family. ​

2. Restoring Cultural Connection

• As a First Nations Elder, Aunty Kirra represents a link to Dot’s Indigenous heritage. ​ Her role as Dot’s wet nurse symbolises the nurturing and care provided by the community, even in the face of systemic oppression and forced removals.
• By sharing the truth about Dot and Joe’s father, Aunty Kirra helps restore a sense of cultural and familial connection that was lost due to the practices of the Stolen Generation.

3. Healing and Reconciliation ​

• Aunty Kirra’s reappearance allows for healing and reconciliation, not only for Dot and Joe but also for the broader narrative of the Stolen Generation. Her willingness to share the truth reflects the importance of storytelling and oral history in preserving cultural identity and addressing past injustices. ​
• Her role in the story highlights the resilience of Indigenous communities and their commitment to preserving their heritage and supporting one another.

4. Themes of Identity and Belonging ​

• The reappearance of Aunty Kirra reinforces the novel’s exploration of identity and belonging. Dot’s journey to understand her roots and reconnect with her heritage is a central theme, and Aunty Kirra’s role is crucial in helping her piece together the puzzle of her past. ​
• For Joe, the revelation about their father adds another layer to his understanding of his own identity and the complexities of his family’s history. ​

Conclusion

Aunty Kirra’s reappearance is a powerful narrative device that ties together the threads of Dot and Joe’s family history, while also addressing the broader impact of the Stolen Generation. Her role as a wet nurse and later as a storyteller emphasises the importance of cultural preservation, healing, and the reclamation of identity in the face of historical trauma.

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The impact of Agent Orange, a Rainbow Herbicide used during the Vietnam War, is woven throughout Making Shadows as a recurring theme that highlights the long-term consequences of war on both veterans and their families. ​ The herbicide’s devastating effects are shown through physical, emotional, and generational trauma, emphasising the far-reaching consequences of chemical warfare. ​

Examples of Agent Orange’s Impact ​

1. Connor’s Pyloric Stenosis ​

• Joe’s son Connor suffers from pyloric stenosis, a condition that causes severe vomiting and difficulty feeding due to a narrowing of the stomach outlet. ​ While the cause is officially unknown, Joe suspects it may be linked to his exposure to Agent Orange during his time in Vietnam. ​
• This highlights the intergenerational effects of the herbicide, as children of veterans often suffer from birth defects and health issues due to their parents’ exposure. ​

2. Dot Treating the Cleft Palate of a Veteran’s Grandchild ​

• Dot’s treatment of Adam, the son of a Vietnam veteran, for his cleft palate further underscores the generational impact of Agent Orange. ​ The cleft palate is one of the many birth defects associated with exposure to the herbicide.
• This case serves as a reminder of the ongoing health challenges faced by families of veterans, even decades after the war.

3. Dot’s Miscarriage and Malformed Foetus ​

• Dot’s miscarriage of a malformed foetus with webbed feet and a misshapen head is another tragic example of the suspected effects of Agent Orange. The foetus’s abnormalities are consistent with the types of birth defects linked to the herbicide.
• This event is deeply emotional and symbolic, representing the loss and suffering endured by families affected by the war’s legacy. ​

4. Skin Lesions on Scotty and a Veteran

• Norm hears about a Vietnam veteran who committed suicide due to unbearable itching and skin lesions, which were likely caused by exposure to Agent Orange. Scotty also suffers from recurring skin rashes and lesions, which he scratches until they bleed.
• These physical symptoms reflect the direct impact of the herbicide on those who were exposed, showing how it continues to affect veterans’ health long after their service. ​

Themes Highlighted by Agent Orange’s Impact ​

1. Intergenerational Trauma

• The novel emphasises how the effects of Agent Orange extend beyond the veterans themselves, impacting their children and grandchildren. ​ This generational suffering underscores the long-term consequences of war and chemical exposure. ​

2. Physical and Emotional Toll ​

• The physical symptoms, such as skin lesions and birth defects, are paired with emotional and psychological trauma, including depression, anxiety, and feelings of helplessness. This dual impact is evident in characters like Joe, Scotty, and the veteran Norm mentions.

3. Advocacy and Healing

• Dot’s work in treating Adam’s cleft palate and advocating for better health services for Indigenous communities reflects the novel’s theme of healing and resilience. Her efforts symbolise the importance of addressing the ongoing health challenges caused by Agent Orange and other war-related issues.

4. Legacy of War

• The recurring references to Agent Orange highlight the enduring legacy of the Vietnam War, showing how its effects continue to ripple through families and communities decades later. ​

Conclusion

The impact of Agent Orange in Making Shadows is portrayed through the physical and emotional suffering of veterans and their families, as well as the intergenerational health issues it causes. ​ By weaving these stories into the narrative, the novel underscores the far-reaching consequences of war and the importance of advocacy, healing, and reconciliation.

*

The Rainbow Herbicides and the Rainbow Serpent are thematically connected in Making Shadows, as both symbolise dualities of creation and destruction, life and death, and the enduring impact of human actions on the environment and people. The novel uses these motifs to explore the consequences of war, cultural identity, and the cyclical nature of trauma and healing.

Thematic Connections Between Rainbow Herbicides and Rainbow Serpent

1. Creation and Destruction ​

• Rainbow Herbicides: Agent Orange and other Rainbow Herbicides were used during the Vietnam War to destroy vegetation and expose enemy positions. ​ However, their destructive power extended far beyond their intended purpose, causing environmental devastation, health issues, and generational trauma. ​
• Rainbow Serpent: In Indigenous Australian mythology, the Rainbow Serpent is a powerful creator figure, responsible for shaping the land, bringing water, and sustaining life. However, it also has the capacity to take life and punish those who disrespect the land and its laws. ​
• Connection: Both the herbicides and the serpent embody the duality of creation and destruction. ​ The herbicides were intended to serve a strategic purpose but resulted in widespread harm, while the serpent represents the balance between nurturing and retribution. ​

2. Cycles of Life and Death ​

• Rainbow Herbicides: The herbicides’ effects are cyclical, as their impact persists across generations. ​ Veterans, their children, and even their grandchildren suffer from health issues and birth defects, creating a cycle of trauma and loss.
• Rainbow Serpent: The serpent is a timeless figure in Dreamtime stories, representing the cyclical nature of life, death, and rebirth. ​ It is a protector of the land and its people, but it also enforces consequences for those who disrupt the natural order.
• Connection: Both symbolise cycles—one of destruction and suffering, the other of renewal and balance. ​ The herbicides disrupt the natural cycle, while the serpent seeks to restore it.

3. Impact on the Land and People ​

• Rainbow Herbicides: The herbicides caused environmental devastation in Vietnam, destroying forests, contaminating water sources, and leaving the land barren. They also harmed the people who lived there and the soldiers who were exposed to them, creating a legacy of suffering. ​
• Rainbow Serpent: The serpent is deeply tied to the land and water, embodying the spiritual connection between Indigenous people and their environment. ​ It represents the importance of respecting and preserving the natural world. ​
• Connection: The herbicides and the serpent highlight the relationship between humans and the environment. ​ The herbicides show the consequences of exploiting and harming the land, while the serpent emphasises the need for harmony and respect.

4. Cultural and Spiritual Resonance ​

• Rainbow Herbicides: The herbicides are a symbol of the destructive power of modern warfare and the disregard for human and environmental consequences. ​ They represent the loss of innocence and the scars left by war. ​
• Rainbow Serpent: The serpent is a symbol of cultural identity and spiritual connection for Indigenous Australians. ​ It represents resilience, survival, and the enduring strength of cultural traditions. ​
• Connection: The herbicides and the serpent serve as contrasting symbols—one of cultural and environmental destruction, the other of cultural preservation and spiritual healing.

Characters and Symbolism ​

• Ken Campbell: Ken’s creation of the Rainbow Serpent in his prison cell reflects his internal struggle with the destruction he witnessed and participated in during the war. ​ The serpent becomes a symbol of his attempt to reconcile his actions and find meaning in his suffering. ​
• Dot: Dot’s connection to the Rainbow Serpent through her Indigenous heritage contrasts with the impact of the Rainbow Herbicides on her family and community. Her work in advocating for better health services for Indigenous people represents a form of healing and restoration. ​

Conclusion

The thematic connection between the Rainbow Herbicides and the Rainbow Serpent lies in their shared representation of creation and destruction, cycles of life and death, and the relationship between humans and the environment. ​ By juxtaposing these symbols, Making Shadows explores the devastating consequences of war and the enduring power of cultural resilience and healing.

*

Making Shadows frequently juxtaposes war and peace, and this thematic contrast is reflected in the injuries sustained by Joe and other characters. The novel uses physical injuries as symbols of the lasting scars of war, showing how the violence of conflict continues to affect individuals even in times of peace. These injuries serve as reminders of the inescapable legacy of war and the difficulty of finding true peace, both physically and emotionally. ​

Joe’s Injuries: Toes and Ear ​

• Joe’s Toes: Joe loses two toes in a car accident on the way to the anti-war Moratorium rally, not during the war itself. ​ This ironic twist highlights how the violence and chaos of war can spill over into peacetime, affecting veterans even in moments of supposed safety. ​ His crushed foot and phantom pain symbolise the lingering physical and emotional toll of war, even in a peaceful environment.
• Joe’s Ear Injury: Joe’s ear injury, caused by shrapnel from a “jumping jack” mine in Vietnam, is a direct result of war. ​ The physical scar and hearing loss are constant reminders of his time in combat, and the injury becomes a metaphor for the difficulty of fully escaping the war’s impact. Even after returning home, Joe’s ear injury continues to affect his daily life, serving as a physical manifestation of the war’s lasting presence.

Other Examples of Injuries Juxtaposing War and Peace

• Dot’s Miscarriage: Dot’s miscarriage of a malformed foetus is a tragic event that occurs in peacetime but is likely linked to the effects of Agent Orange, a chemical weapon used during the war. ​ The malformed foetus symbolises the war’s ability to disrupt life even in peaceful times, showing how its consequences ripple across generations.
• Connor’s Pyloric Stenosis: Joe’s son Connor suffers from a congenital condition that may be linked to Joe’s exposure to Agent Orange during the war. ​ This condition, which causes difficulty feeding, represents the war’s intrusion into the lives of those who were never directly involved in the conflict.
• Scotty’s Skin Lesions: Scotty’s recurring skin lesions, which he scratches until they bleed, are another example of the physical toll of war. ​ These injuries, likely caused by exposure to Agent Orange, are a constant reminder of the war’s destructive impact on the body, even years after the fighting has ended. ​

War and Peace as a Cycle ​

The novel portrays war and peace as interconnected rather than opposites. ​ Injuries sustained during war, like Joe’s ear injury, continue to affect him in peacetime, while injuries sustained in peacetime, like his crushed toes, are tied to the war’s legacy. ​ This cyclical relationship is reinforced by the novel’s broader themes:

• Physical Scars: Injuries like Joe’s toes and ear symbolise the physical scars of war that persist into peacetime, making it difficult for veterans to fully heal. ​
• Emotional Scars: The psychological impact of war, such as PTSD, flashbacks, and depression, is another form of injury that blurs the line between war and peace. ​ Joe, Ken, Scotty, and other veterans struggle to reconcile their wartime experiences with their post-war lives. ​
• Generational Trauma: The injuries and health issues affecting veterans’ children and grandchildren, such as Connor’s pyloric stenosis and Adam’s cleft palate, show how the consequences of war extend into peacetime and affect future generations. ​

Conclusion

The juxtaposition of war and peace in Making Shadows is deeply tied to the theme of injuries, both physical and emotional. ​ Joe’s toes and ear injury, along with the injuries and health issues of other characters, symbolise the enduring impact of war and the difficulty of achieving true peace. The novel suggests that war and peace are not separate states but part of a continuous cycle, with the scars of conflict persisting long after the fighting has ended. ​

*

The NAIDOC ceremony and the image of Connor and Richie walking along the beach with reflections masking their identities are deeply symbolic moments in Making Shadows. ​ Together, they highlight themes of identity, reconciliation, and the blending of past and future, while also emphasising the interconnectedness of family, culture, and legacy. ​

Significance of the NAIDOC Ceremony ​

The NAIDOC ceremony celebrates Dot’s achievements in improving healthcare access for Aboriginal communities, particularly through her work in dental and medical services. ​ This moment is significant for several reasons:

1. Cultural Pride and Reclamation: Dot’s recognition at the NAIDOC ceremony symbolises the reclamation of her Indigenous identity and her commitment to uplifting her community. It reflects her journey of self-discovery and her efforts to bridge the gap between her Aboriginal heritage and her professional life. ​
2. Healing and Reconciliation: The ceremony represents a broader theme of healing and reconciliation, not just for Dot but for the Indigenous community as a whole. ​ Her work addresses the systemic neglect of Aboriginal health and highlights the importance of cultural sensitivity in healthcare. ​
3. Legacy and Continuity: Dot’s work and recognition at the ceremony signify the continuation of her family’s legacy of resilience and service. ​ Her efforts honour her ancestors and contribute to the future of her people, embodying the cyclical nature of life and the interconnectedness of past, present, and future. ​

Connor and Richie Walking Along the Beach ​

The image of Connor and Richie walking along the beach, with the reflections masking who is who, is a poignant visual metaphor that ties into the novel’s themes of identity, legacy, and the blending of past and future:

1. Blurring of Identities: The reflections masking the boys’ identities symbolise the fluidity of identity and the interconnectedness of generations. Connor and Richie are both shaped by their father’s experiences in Vietnam and the legacy of war, but they also represent hope and renewal. The inability to distinguish between them suggests the merging of past and future, as the scars of war influence their lives but do not define them. ​
2. Generational Impact: The image underscores the idea that the consequences of war ripple across generations. Connor’s health issues, likely linked to Joe’s exposure to Agent Orange, and Richie’s role as his protector reflect the ongoing impact of war on the family. ​ Yet, their playful interaction and the beauty of the sunset suggest resilience and the possibility of healing.
3. Reflection and Perspective: The reflections in the water evoke themes of introspection and perspective. Just as the boys’ identities are blurred in the reflections, the novel explores the complexity of identity, memory, and the ways in which individuals reconcile their past with their present. ​
4. Hope and Renewal: The setting of the beach, with the sunset and rippling sea, creates a serene and hopeful atmosphere. ​ It suggests the possibility of moving forward, finding peace, and embracing the future, even in the face of past trauma. ​

Connection to the Novel’s Themes

Both the NAIDOC ceremony and the image of Connor and Richie walking along the beach tie into the novel’s broader themes:

• Identity and Reconciliation: Dot’s recognition at the NAIDOC ceremony and her embrace of her Indigenous heritage reflect the novel’s exploration of identity and the importance of reconciliation, both personal and cultural.
• Generational Legacy: The image of Connor and Richie highlights the impact of war on future generations, while also suggesting the possibility of healing and renewal. ​
• Cycles of Life and Death: The reflections in the water evoke the cyclical nature of life, a recurring theme in the novel, and the interconnectedness of past, present, and future.

Conclusion

The NAIDOC ceremony and the image of Connor and Richie walking along the beach are powerful moments that encapsulate the novel’s themes of identity, reconciliation, and legacy. They highlight the enduring impact of war and the resilience of individuals and communities in the face of trauma, while also suggesting the possibility of healing and renewal through connection, culture, and family. ​

*

The phrase “blue eyes on blue” between Dot and Joe is a deeply symbolic moment in Making Shadows, encapsulating themes of identity, connection, and shared heritage. ​ It highlights the unique bond between the siblings and serves as a poignant reflection on their intertwined lives and the complexities of their identities. ​

Significance of “Blue Eyes on Blue”

1. Shared Heritage and Connection:
   • Dot and Joe share a profound sibling bond, despite their different racial backgrounds—Dot being Aboriginal and Joe being white. ​ The phrase “blue eyes on blue” emphasises their shared blue eyes, a physical trait that connects them and transcends their external differences. ​ It symbolises their deep familial connection and mutual understanding, which has been a cornerstone of their relationship throughout the novel. ​
2. Identity and Belonging:
   • Dot’s blue eyes are a recurring motif in the novel, representing her unique identity as an Aboriginal woman with a physical feature that challenges stereotypes and societal expectations. The phrase “blue eyes on blue” highlights the blending of identities and the complexity of heritage, as Dot navigates her place in both the Indigenous and non-Indigenous worlds. It also reflects Joe’s acceptance and love for Dot as his sister, regardless of their differences.
3. Reconciliation and Unity:
   • The phrase symbolises the reconciliation and unity between two individuals who come from different cultural backgrounds but share a deep familial bond. ​ It reflects the novel’s broader theme of reconciliation, both within families and within society, as characters strive to bridge divides and heal from past traumas. ​
4. Legacy and Continuity:
   • The phrase also ties into the novel’s exploration of generational legacy. Dot and Joe’s shared blue eyes serve as a reminder of their shared history and the interconnectedness of their lives. ​ It suggests that, despite the challenges they have faced, their bond remains unbroken and their shared heritage continues to shape their identities. ​

Emotional Resonance

The phrase “blue eyes on blue” carries a strong emotional weight, as it evokes the deep love and understanding between Dot and Joe. It is a moment of recognition and affirmation, where they acknowledge their shared history and the unique connection they have as siblings. ​ It also serves as a reminder of the resilience and strength they have both shown in overcoming the challenges of their past. ​

Conclusion

The phrase “blue eyes on blue” is a powerful symbol of identity, connection, and reconciliation in Making Shadows. ​ It highlights the enduring bond between Dot and Joe, their shared heritage, and their ability to find unity and love despite their differences and the challenges they have faced. It is a moment that encapsulates the novel’s themes of family, identity, and healing.

*

Tom plays a multifaceted role in Making Shadows, serving as a symbol of loyalty, resilience, and the complexities of human relationships. His character is deeply intertwined with Dot’s journey, and his actions and choices reflect the novel’s themes of love, identity, ambition, and sacrifice. ​

Key Roles of Tom ​

1. Dot’s Lifelong Companion and Support System:
   • Tom is Dot’s closest friend and confidant, having been by her side since childhood. ​ Their bond is one of mutual support, trust, and shared experiences, from their early days at school to their professional journeys in dentistry. ​
   • He provides emotional stability for Dot, especially during moments of personal and professional challenges, such as her struggles with identity, her miscarriage, and her relationship with Norm. His unwavering presence in her life highlights the importance of friendship and loyalty. ​
2. Symbol of Ambition and Sacrifice:
   • Tom’s academic and professional journey reflects the theme of ambition and the sacrifices required to achieve success. ​ His decision to pursue a PhD at King’s College London demonstrates his drive to excel in his field, but it also creates a rift between him and Dot, showing the personal cost of ambition.
   • His return to Australia and eventual decision to support Dot’s work in the Northern Territory signifies his growth and willingness to prioritise love and community over personal ambition. This shift underscores the novel’s exploration of the balance between personal goals and relationships.
3. Complexity of Love and Relationships:
   • Tom’s romantic entanglements, particularly with Dot and Poppy, highlight the complexities of love and human relationships. ​ His deep connection with Dot evolves from friendship to romantic love, but his relationship with Poppy introduces tension and conflict, especially as Poppy’s controlling nature contrasts with Dot’s warmth and understanding.
   • Tom’s eventual reunion with Dot and their decision to build a life together in the Northern Territory reflects the novel’s theme of reconciliation and the enduring power of love.
4. Agent of Change and Healing:
   • Tom’s role in Dot’s life is transformative. ​ His support and love help her navigate her identity and overcome personal struggles. ​ His decision to join her in the Northern Territory and contribute to her vision of improving healthcare for Indigenous communities demonstrates his commitment to her and their shared values.
   • Tom’s actions also reflect the novel’s theme of healing, as he helps Dot recover from her miscarriage and supports her in her professional and personal journey. ​

Conclusion

Tom’s role in Making Shadows is integral to the novel’s exploration of identity, love, and healing. He serves as a symbol of loyalty and resilience, while his journey highlights the tension between ambition and relationships. Ultimately, Tom’s character represents the transformative power of love and the importance of prioritising connection and community over personal gain. His partnership with Dot and their shared commitment to improving healthcare for Indigenous communities embody the novel’s themes of reconciliation and legacy.

*

When Joe wonders what he did not tell Scotty, he is grappling with the weight of unspoken truths, unresolved emotions, and the complexity of their shared history. ​ This moment reflects Joe’s internal conflict and his struggle to reconcile the past, particularly the darker aspects of their time in Vietnam and the aftermath of their experiences. ​ It also highlights the novel’s recurring theme of shadows—what is hidden, unspoken, or left unresolved. ​

Key Interpretations of Joe’s Reflection

1. Unspoken Truths About Vietnam:
   • Joe is haunted by the atrocities and moral compromises of war, including the violence, trauma, and ethical dilemmas they faced. ​ He wonders whether he should have shared more about his own struggles, such as the psychological toll of killing, the stigma of being a veteran, and the lingering effects of PTSD. ​
   • He may also regret not confronting Scotty about his role in the darker aspects of their time in Vietnam, such as his involvement in drug distribution, the souveniring of ears, and the moral ambiguity of his actions. ​
2. Personal Vulnerabilities:
   • Joe reflects on his own vulnerabilities, including his struggles with addiction, his physical injuries, and the emotional scars left by the war. ​ He wonders whether he should have opened up to Scotty about these issues, seeking understanding or solidarity. ​
   • This introspection reveals Joe’s tendency to keep certain aspects of himself hidden, even from those who shared the same experiences, highlighting his difficulty in fully processing his trauma. ​
3. Distrust and Suspicion:
   • Joe’s reflection also hints at his growing distrust of Scotty, who has transformed into Dino, a figure deeply entangled in organised crime. ​ Joe wonders whether Scotty’s actions and motivations were ever fully transparent, and whether he should have confronted him about the secrets he suspects Scotty is keeping. ​
   • This suspicion underscores the novel’s theme of shadows—how people conceal parts of themselves, and how these hidden aspects can create distance and mistrust in relationships. ​
4. Regret and Missed Opportunities:
   • Joe’s thoughts reveal a sense of regret for not addressing certain issues with Scotty when he had the chance. ​ He may feel that by leaving things unsaid, he missed an opportunity to hold Scotty accountable, to seek closure, or to better understand the man Scotty had become. ​
   • This regret ties into the novel’s exploration of reconciliation and the difficulty of confronting the past. ​
5. The Complexity of Friendship:
   • Joe’s reflection highlights the complexity of his friendship with Scotty. ​ While they shared camaraderie and loyalty during the war, their post-war lives have diverged significantly, with Scotty becoming deeply involved in crime and Joe striving to heal and help others.
   • Joe’s thoughts suggest a longing for the simpler, more honest connection they once had, and a recognition that their friendship has been overshadowed by secrets and moral compromises. ​

Conclusion

Joe’s reflection on what he did not tell Scotty is a poignant moment that encapsulates the novel’s themes of trauma, identity, and the shadows that linger in human relationships. It reveals Joe’s internal struggle to reconcile the past, his regrets about unspoken truths, and his growing awareness of the moral complexities surrounding Scotty’s transformation into Dino. ​ Ultimately, this moment underscores the difficulty of confronting the hidden aspects of oneself and others, and the enduring impact of what remains unsaid. ​

*

The game “Man in the Middle” serves as a powerful metaphor in Making Shadows, symbolising the emotional and psychological struggles of the characters as they navigate their inner conflicts, relationships, and the lingering effects of trauma. It reflects the novel’s central theme of confronting one’s shadows—the hidden, darker aspects of oneself—and finding balance between opposing forces. ​

Key Roles of “Man in the Middle” ​

1. Symbol of Inner Conflict:
   • The game represents the tension between opposing forces, much like the characters’ struggles to reconcile their light and shadow sides. ​ Joe, for instance, is caught between his role as a healer and his own unresolved trauma from Vietnam. ​ Similarly, Ken, Scotty, and others wrestle with their past actions and the moral compromises they made during the war. ​
   • The game’s concept of being “in the middle” mirrors Carl Jung’s idea, quoted in the novel’s opening, of standing between opposites to understand the self. ​ It reflects the characters’ journeys to confront their inner darkness and find their own light. ​
2. Reflection of Isolation and Alienation:
   • The game also symbolises the isolation and alienation experienced by the characters, particularly the veterans. ​ The “man in the middle” is surrounded, much like the veterans feel surrounded by societal judgment, their own memories, and the weight of their past actions. ​
   • This isolation is evident in Joe’s struggles with PTSD, Ken’s descent into addiction, and Scotty’s transformation into Dino. The game highlights their sense of being trapped, unable to fully escape their past or connect with others. ​
3. Representation of Power Dynamics:
   • The game’s structure, with one person in the middle and others circling around, reflects the power dynamics in the novel. Characters like Scotty/Dino and Roccella wield influence and control, while others, like Ken and Joe, often find themselves at the mercy of these forces. ​
   • The game underscores the vulnerability of those caught in the middle, highlighting the imbalance of power and the struggle to assert agency in a world shaped by external pressures. ​
4. Foreshadowing and Symbolism:
   • The game foreshadows the characters’ eventual confrontations with their pasts and their inner demons. ​ It suggests that they must face their shadows head-on, even if it means standing alone in the middle and enduring the chaos around them. ​
   • For Joe, the game resonates deeply as he watches it being played at Callan Park, a place that symbolises the intersection of light and dark, sanity and madness. ​ It serves as a reminder of his own journey to confront his shadows and find peace. ​
5. Connection to the Novel’s Themes:
   • The game ties into the novel’s broader themes of reconciliation, identity, and the struggle to find balance. It reflects the characters’ attempts to navigate the complexities of their lives, relationships, and inner worlds, often feeling caught between opposing forces. ​
   • It also emphasises the importance of confronting one’s shadows to achieve self-awareness and healing, as suggested by Carl Jung’s quote in the novel’s opening. ​

Conclusion

The game “Man in the Middle” is a poignant and symbolic element in Making Shadows, encapsulating the novel’s exploration of inner conflict, isolation, power dynamics, and the journey toward self-reconciliation. ​ It serves as a metaphor for the characters’ struggles to confront their shadows and find balance, while also highlighting the emotional and psychological toll of their experiences. ​ The game is a reminder that healing and understanding often require standing in the middle, facing the chaos, and embracing both light and dark. ​

*

Cricket plays a significant symbolic and thematic role in Making Shadows, serving as a metaphor for the characters’ relationships, their inner conflicts, and the broader themes of the novel. The references to the Ashes, the scorebook, and the players’ handedness highlight the tension between opposing forces, the struggle for identity, and the enduring impact of the past. ​

Key Roles of Cricket in the Novel

1. Symbol of Conflict and Rivalry:
   • The references to the Ashes, a historic cricket rivalry between England and Australia, symbolise the ongoing tension between Joe and Wotto, as well as the broader conflicts in the novel. The rivalry mirrors the characters’ struggles to reconcile their opposing forces—light and shadow, past and present, guilt and redemption.
   • Joe’s identification with England and Wotto’s with Australia reflects their differing perspectives and experiences, particularly in the context of their shared history in Vietnam. ​ The game becomes a way for them to process their trauma and engage in a symbolic battle that transcends the cricket field.
2. Representation of Memory and Trauma:
   • The cricket scorebook, filled with Wotto’s cryptic and poetic musings, serves as a repository of memories, both real and imagined. It blurs the line between reality and fantasy, much like the characters’ recollections of the war and its aftermath. ​
   • The scorebook also highlights Wotto’s fragmented mental state, as his writings mix cricket scores with reflections on life, death, and the shadows of his past. ​ It underscores the novel’s theme of how trauma distorts memory and identity. ​
3. Connection to Identity and Handedness:
   • The references to Wotto being a left-hander and Joe being a right-hander emphasise their differences, not just in cricket but in their personalities and approaches to life. ​ Wotto’s left-handedness aligns with his unconventional and unpredictable nature, while Joe’s right-handedness reflects his more methodical and grounded personality.
   • This contrast also ties into the novel’s exploration of duality and opposing forces, as seen in the recurring theme of light versus shadow. ​ The handedness of the players becomes a subtle yet meaningful way to highlight these differences.
4. Cricket as a Coping Mechanism:
   • For Joe and Wotto, cricket serves as a way to reconnect and find solace amidst the chaos of their lives. ​ The game provides a sense of normalcy and camaraderie, allowing them to temporarily escape their struggles and relive moments of innocence and joy. ​
   • The act of playing cricket together symbolises their attempt to rebuild their friendship and find common ground, despite the shadows that linger over their past.
5. Foreshadowing and Symbolism:
   • The cricket references, particularly the Ashes rivalry, foreshadow the characters’ eventual confrontations with their inner conflicts and the resolution of their struggles. The game becomes a metaphor for the battle between light and dark, and the possibility of redemption and reconciliation. ​
   • The cricket scorebook, with its cryptic writings, serves as a symbol of the characters’ attempts to make sense of their lives and experiences, even as they grapple with the chaos and contradictions of their past. ​

Conclusion

Cricket in Making Shadows is more than just a sport; it is a rich metaphor for the characters’ inner and external conflicts, their relationships, and their attempts to reconcile their pasts. The scorebook, the Ashes rivalry, and the players’ handedness all contribute to the novel’s exploration of identity, memory, and the struggle to find balance between opposing forces. Cricket serves as a coping mechanism, a symbol of connection, and a reminder of the enduring impact of the shadows that shape the characters’ lives.

*

Dino putting the bins out in Making Shadows carries symbolic weight, particularly in the context of the novel’s themes of moral corruption, guilt, and the attempt to cleanse or remove the “rubbish” of one’s past. This seemingly mundane act is layered with meaning, reflecting Dino’s character and the broader narrative.

Symbolism of Removing Rubbish

1. Attempt to Cleanse or Purge:
   • Dino’s act of putting out the bins can be seen as a symbolic attempt to rid himself of the “rubbish” in his life—his involvement in organised crime, his moral corruption, and the weight of his past actions. It reflects a desire to clean up the mess he has created, even if it is ultimately futile. ​
   • The act of removing rubbish parallels the novel’s recurring theme of characters trying to confront or escape their shadows, whether through redemption, denial, or destruction.
2. Foreshadowing Dino’s Fate:
   • The act of putting out the bins is also a foreshadowing of Dino’s own demise. Just as he disposes of the garbage, he himself is “disposed of” shortly afterward in a hit-and-run. ​ This creates a chilling parallel between the physical act of removing rubbish and the metaphorical removal of Dino as a “problem”.
   • The bins being scattered during the hit-and-run further symbolise the chaos and destruction that Dino’s actions have brought upon himself and others. ​
3. Cycle of Consequences:
   • The act of putting out the bins is a routine task, yet it becomes the moment of reckoning for Dino. ​ This highlights the cyclical nature of consequences in the novel—how seemingly small or routine actions can lead to significant and irreversible outcomes.
   • Dino’s death while performing this mundane task underscores the inevitability of facing the consequences of one’s actions, no matter how much one tries to hide or dispose of the “rubbish” of the past.

Conclusion

Dino’s act of putting out the bins is rich with symbolism, representing his attempt to cleanse or remove the “rubbish” of his life, while also foreshadowing his own demise. The overturned bins during the hit-and-run symbolise the exposure of his secrets and the chaos he has caused, reinforcing the novel’s themes of moral decay, consequences, and the struggle to reconcile one’s past. This seemingly simple act becomes a powerful metaphor for the inevitability of facing the shadows one has created. ​

*

The composition of the police meeting in Making Shadows reflects the complexity and multifaceted nature of the investigation, as well as the interplay between expertise, authority, and personal perspectives. ​ Each participant brings a unique skill set and viewpoint, which shapes the course of the investigation and highlights the novel’s themes of ambiguity, truth, and the struggle to uncover hidden layers of human behaviour.

Makeup of the Police Meeting ​

1. Chief Inspector Harold Cotter:
   • Role: Cotter is the authoritative figure leading the investigation. ​ His no-nonsense approach and reputation for results set the tone for the meeting and the investigation as a whole. ​
   • Reflection: Cotter’s presence underscores the importance of law enforcement’s role in piecing together the evidence and driving the investigation forward. ​ His focus on tangible results and his ability to manage the team reflect the procedural aspect of the investigation.
   • Impact: Cotter’s leadership ensures the investigation remains focused, but his desire for closure and control also highlights the tension between uncovering the full truth and managing public perception. ​
2. Senior Sergeant Rex Baker:
   • Role: Baker is the by-the-book investigator, meticulous and loud, but also prone to theatrics. ​ He represents the traditional, procedural side of policing. ​
   • Reflection: Baker’s presence reflects the methodical, evidence-based approach to the investigation. ​ However, his rigid adherence to protocol contrasts with the more nuanced perspectives of other participants, highlighting the tension between strict procedure and the need for flexibility in complex cases.
   • Impact: Baker’s approach sometimes clashes with others, particularly Cotter and Le Guin, emphasising the challenges of collaboration in high-stakes investigations. ​
3. Dr Felicity Le Guin (Forensic Pathologist):
   • Role: Le Guin provides the scientific and forensic expertise needed to analyse the physical evidence, such as the knife wounds and the excised ears.
   • Reflection: Her presence highlights the importance of forensic science in uncovering objective truths about the murders. Her detailed analysis of the wounds and blood types adds clarity to the investigation.
   • Impact: Le Guin’s findings help narrow down the suspects and provide crucial insights into the killer’s methods, but her conclusions also raise questions about the possibility of multiple killers or ambidexterity, adding layers of complexity to the case.
4. Dr Gregory Hopgood (Medical Psychiatrist):
   • Role: Hopgood offers expertise on PTSD and the psychological profiles of potential suspects, particularly those with military training. ​
   • Reflection: His presence reflects the investigation’s acknowledgment of the psychological factors that may drive violent behaviour, especially in individuals with trauma from war. ​
   • Impact: Hopgood’s insights into PTSD and its triggers help the team understand the potential motivations behind the killings, but his perspective also introduces ambiguity, as he emphasises the unpredictability of human behaviour. ​
5. Mr Joseph Keneally (Clinical Psychologist):
   • Role: Joe provides a complementary psychological perspective, particularly through his direct experience with veterans like Ken Campbell and his knowledge of their struggles with trauma and moral injury.
   • Reflection: Joe’s presence highlights the human side of the investigation, as he brings empathy and firsthand knowledge of the veterans’ experiences. His insights into the psychological impact of war add depth to the investigation. ​
   • Impact: Joe’s contributions help the team consider the broader context of the murders, including the possibility of triggered reactions and moral ambiguity. However, his personal connection to the suspects complicates his role, as he struggles with his own biases and knowledge. ​

Reflection of the Investigation ​

The makeup of the meeting mirrors the investigation’s progression in several ways:

1. Interdisciplinary Approach:
   • The inclusion of forensic, psychological, and investigative experts reflects the need for a multifaceted approach to solving the murders. The investigation is not just about physical evidence but also about understanding the motivations and psychological profiles of the suspects.
2. Tension Between Objectivity and Subjectivity:
   • The meeting highlights the tension between objective evidence (provided by Le Guin and Baker) and subjective insights (offered by Hopgood and Joe). This tension reflects the broader struggle in the investigation to balance hard facts with the complexities of human behaviour. ​
3. Ambiguity and Complexity:
   • The diverse perspectives in the meeting underscore the ambiguity and complexity of the case. The possibility of multiple killers, the role of organised crime, and the psychological impact of war all add layers to the investigation, making it difficult to arrive at a definitive conclusion.
4. Personal Stakes:
   • Joe’s personal connection to the suspects, particularly Ken Campbell, adds an emotional dimension to the investigation. His presence in the meeting reflects the novel’s exploration of how personal relationships and experiences can influence the pursuit of truth. ​
5. Power Dynamics:
   • Cotter’s leadership and Baker’s rigidity highlight the power dynamics within the investigation. ​ While Cotter ultimately drives the direction of the case, the contributions of the other participants shape the narrative and influence the conclusions.

Conclusion

The makeup of the police meeting reflects the investigation’s complexity, interdisciplinary nature, and the tension between objective evidence and subjective insights. ​ Each participant’s role and perspective contribute to the unfolding of the case, while also highlighting the challenges of uncovering the truth in a world filled with shadows and ambiguity. The meeting serves as a microcosm of the novel’s broader themes, emphasising the interplay between light and dark, truth and deception, and the human struggle to reconcile the past with the present. ​

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The character names in Making Shadows appear to be deliberate nods to notable figures in literature, adding layers of intertextuality and thematic depth to the novel. These references enrich the narrative by connecting the characters to broader literary and philosophical ideas, which align with the novel’s exploration of identity, morality, and the human condition. ​

Character Name Connections ​

1. Joe Keneally and Josef K (Franz Kafka’s The Trial):
   • Connection: Josef K in The Trial is a man caught in a labyrinthine legal system, accused of a crime he doesn’t understand, and struggling to make sense of his circumstances. Similarly, Joe Keneally is a character navigating a complex web of moral ambiguity, personal trauma, and societal expectations. ​
   • Thematic Tie-In: Both characters grapple with existential questions and the oppressive weight of systems beyond their control—whether it’s the legal system in Kafka’s work or the societal and psychological consequences of war in Making Shadows. Joe’s journey mirrors Josef K’s in his search for meaning and truth amidst chaos and uncertainty.
2. Dr Felicity Le Guin and Ursula K. Le Guin:
   • Connection: Ursula K. Le Guin was a renowned science fiction and fantasy author, known for her exploration of complex themes like morality, identity, and societal structures. Dr Felicity Le Guin, as a forensic pathologist, is tasked with uncovering the truth behind the murders, much like Ursula Le Guin’s characters often seek to understand the deeper truths of their worlds. ​
   • Thematic Tie-In: The name suggests a connection to the speculative and philosophical nature of Ursula Le Guin’s work, which often delves into the interplay between science, humanity, and morality. Dr Le Guin’s role in the investigation reflects this intellectual and analytical approach to uncovering hidden truths. ​
3. Dr Jerome Cornelius and Jerry Cornelius (Michael Moorcock’s The Cornelius Chronicles):
   • Connection: Jerry Cornelius is a recurring character in Michael Moorcock’s fiction, often depicted as a morally ambiguous antihero navigating chaotic and surreal worlds. Dr Cornelius in Making Shadows shares the name, and while his role is more grounded, the reference suggests a connection to themes of chaos, ambiguity, and the search for meaning.
   • Thematic Tie-In: The reference to Jerry Cornelius ties into the novel’s exploration of moral ambiguity and the blurred lines between good and evil. Dr Cornelius’s role in revealing the truth about Joe’s mother adds to the novel’s themes of uncovering hidden layers and confronting uncomfortable realities.

4. Norman Lindsay:
   • Norman Lindsay was a famous Australian artist, writer, and cartoonist known for his provocative and controversial works. ​ The character Norman Lindsay (Bluey) in Making Shadows is a journalist and investigative reporter, whose work often delves into the darker aspects of society, much like the real-life Lindsay’s art explored taboo subjects. ​
   • The name also reflects the character’s connection to Australian identity and culture, as Norman Lindsay was a prominent figure in Australian art and literature. ​
5. Ken Campbell:
   • Ken Campbell was a British actor, writer, and director known for his eccentric and experimental approach to theatre. The character Ken Campbell in Making Shadows suggests a sense of unconventionality and complexity, as both the real-life Campbell and the fictional character defy easy categorisation.
6. Randolph Saxe-Coburg:
   • The name “Saxe-Coburg” is historically tied to European royalty, particularly the British royal family. The character’s name is a nod to his pretentious and aristocratic demeanour, as well as his involvement in high-stakes gambling and organized crime. ​

Significance of Literary References

The use of names tied to literary and cultural figures serves several purposes:

1. Intertextuality: These references create a rich tapestry of connections to other works of fiction, inviting readers to explore deeper meanings and parallels between Making Shadows and the referenced texts.
2. Thematic Resonance: The names often align with the themes of the novel, such as moral ambiguity, the search for truth, and the interplay between light and shadow.
3. Character Depth: By naming characters after notable figures, the author imbues them with additional layers of meaning and complexity, encouraging readers to consider how their actions and struggles reflect broader literary and philosophical ideas.

Conclusion

The names in Making Shadows are not arbitrary; they are carefully chosen to evoke connections to literature, philosophy, and culture. These references enrich the narrative, adding depth to the characters and reinforcing the novel’s exploration of identity, morality, and the human condition. ​ The intertextuality invites readers to engage with the story on multiple levels, drawing parallels between the fictional world of Making Shadows and the broader literary landscape.

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